The concept of two-party system
two-party system: the so-called two-party system, is in a capitalist country, two evenly matched political parties to obtain parliamentary majority through election, or win the presidential election victory of the party came to power rotation system. Refers to the two major political parties take turns ruling a country's political system, not to say that the implementation of the national two-party system, only the existence of two ruling party.
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Origin and Development of the British two-party system formation of the United States two-party multi-party system factors (1) institutional factors (2) the historical binary factors (3) political and cultural factors in the origin and development of two-party system first arose in the seventeenth century Tory Party (later renamed the Conservative Party.) Alternating between the two parties came to power, and later evolved a system by the United States and other capitalist countries have adopted. Still popular in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand. And other countries. The implementation of the national two-party system, usually once every few years parliamentary elections or presidential elections, by a majority of seats in Parliament or elected as President of the Government of a political party as the ruling party; electoral defeat of the other party becomes the opposition, not to participate in Government supervision or contain only the activities of the ruling party. Two-party system there are two types: one representative of the United Kingdom for the two-party system of parliamentary cabinet system, which is characterized generally by the House of Commons in Parliament in particular, a majority of seats in the party as the ruling party, it is not only to the administrative power and control legislative power; the other as the representative of the United States presidential system of two-party system, which is characterized usually by winning the presidential election,
nike air force one low, a political party as the ruling party, although it has mastered the executive power, but not necessarily in control of both legislative power, a legislative the power of the House of Commons majority in parliament is likely to be in the presidential campaign of another party possession. The capitalist two-party system is a manifestation of democratic political system, in essence, the service for the bourgeoisie, to conceal the nature of dictatorship of the bourgeoisie a means. The implementation of the national two-party system, in addition to the two main opposition parties, but also there are some smaller parties, such as the United States except the Democratic, Republican, there are the Communist Party, the Socialist Party, Social Labor Party, Socialist Workers Party; in the United Kingdom, in addition to the two major parties the Conservatives and Labour, the Liberal Democratic Party and so there are a number of other political parties, and even there the Welsh National Party, Scottish National Party and other local political parties,
nike air force 1, and these smaller parties, the parliamentary or presidential elections, both can not compete with the two main political parties in political life can not be compared with them, and even the two major political parties are often marginalized and are disintegrating, therefore, in the Anglo-American, although many political parties exist, but in the country's political life always by the two largest political parties (currently the Conservative Party and the Labor Party in Britain, and America's two largest party is the Democratic and Republican) government organizations through a competitive alternative, power rotation. Other political parties can not compete with the two major parties; the same time, the ruling parties also Needless their support; Thus, other political parties into the government is basically no chance, even if the ruling party made for some purpose or other political parties in the cabinet only use kindness, can not be called a coalition government. Therefore, in understanding the two-party system when the implementation of two-party system can not simply state that only two political parties, can not believe that there are two political parties is a national two-party system. Two-party system is a capitalist country, there are important political evenly matched but the two parties, they control the parliamentary majority by or for the presidential election victory, alternating with the turns the way came to power a government. Two-party system as long as the fundamentals remain unchanged, that the national system, political system and electoral system change, competition between the two parties take turns in power the situation will perpetuate. This is the United States has long been relatively stable political situation, steady economic development, an important factor - political balance. Britain's two-party system is the British cabinet system state, the two major parties compete for election by the House of Commons seats, the party won a majority for the ruling party, its leader as prime minister, a cabinet responsible to parliament organizations, another major opposition party to exist as legal. As the representative of the United Kingdom under the two-party parliamentary cabinet system (1) gone through three phases A: Whig Party and the Tory party has alternating in power; B: Tory Party and the Whig Party evolved into the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party; C: Labour Party replaced the Liberal Party's position; (2) in the two-party British parliamentary cabinet system characteristics: A: activities of the two parties start around the parliamentary elections, the ruling party not only master the executive power, but also master the legislative power; B: the two parties to focus on system . U.S. two-party system in 1847 the famous American artists as Thomas Nast and drawing a cartoon donkey pressure seesaw game, The moral of the cartoon in the United States by the two parties one last look turns in power, Republicans and Democrats saw this picture, not only did not oppose, the opposite is also appreciated. They explained that the elephant stable, stubborn donkey. Since then, the Republican and Democratic party emblem they were elephants and donkeys. Every election year, supporters of the two parties are often held up United States presidential countries, mainly in the presidential election two-party system, the election winning party for the ruling party, the loser for the opposition party. Represented by the United States presidential system. It is 50 years of the 19th century, before the formation of the Republican and Democratic opposition. U.S. two-party system under the presidential system features: (1) mainly in the presidential election two-party system on A: the President is both head of state, but also is the chief executive, to the administrative power. B: the two parties and the number of seats in parliament and the ruling party and the independent non-party status. ※ (2) United States, a loose organizational structure of two-party system, there is no strict discipline of multi-party multi-party vote is a capitalist country,
air force one low nike, there are three or more parties, which no one party has absolute advantage in long-term need to rely on casual election victory or alliances with other political parties to organize the government. France is one of the typical multi-party system. Many people believe that the multi-party system in France, not in Parliament to form a political party majority of seats in the Cabinet can only be formed, the policy is difficult to unity, which is not political stability. In addition to two-party system and a multiparty system, there is a one-party system,
nike air force 1 high, once popular in Germany, Italy and France during rampant, and now the main part of the newly independent Third World countries are used. Party system of socialist countries, regardless of its form, is the traditional party system is not the same in essence a new party system. One is the one-party socialist state, such as the former Soviet Union, only one party, the Communist Party there. The other is the CPC-led multi-party cooperation system,
air force 1 high, as currently practiced in the Chinese political system. The reasons for the formation of different political party system, first of all depends on the class of a domestic balance of power at all levels, as well as various political forces assembled or differentiation status of a political party; Second, the different electoral systems also played a different political party system to promote and consolidate role. Why does the formation factors of the two-party competition system is so stable, while the other party can not interfere in politics? According to analysis of Western political scholars, mainly originated from the following factors: (1) institutional factors. Anglo-American two-party system are produced in relative majority electoral system, electoral system that is conducive to the two major parties to the detriment of the third party's establishment and survival. In addition,
air force one low, the Chief Executive of the United States system of the single is also conducive to the formation and development of the two parties. Presidency through the presidential election, political parties without seats in the Congress how much influence the production of Electoral College is In the U.S., the characteristics of federal, state governors, state legislatures have adopted relative majority electoral system, which is also conducive to consolidating the two-party system. (2) the historical binary factors. U.S. two-party system is the dual nature of social structure, the product of interest, the United States since the early days every major political, economic and social conflicts are almost always binary, both sides. The approval of the constitution appear around the eastern and western business interests of the agricultural interests of the dispute led to the production of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists. The dispute also led to the economic interests of the north and south around the plantation economy of slavery and a split, thus forming two camps. Conflict of interest 20th century urban liberalism and conservatism is an important factor in battle, and so on. (3) political and cultural factors, American voters view the two moderate, moderate, do not take extreme, good compromise, depending on the politics as the art of compromise. Political culture between the two countries need to accept a compromise, knowing that short-term pragmatic and avoid rigid dogmatism of the pragmatic nature. On the other hand, the fundamental objective of society in both countries and the main way to achieve these objectives a broad consensus on the issue. Locke and Madison recognized that most people on the importance of individual self-development and the right to own private property, the view, few people advocate public ownership of production. Therefore, the contention between political parties is not to choose public or private ownership, but rather how to allocate resources and wealth. Atlas Atlas entry for more extended reading: 1
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