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GNU gnu program plan, also known as leather slave scheme, is Richard Stallman in the September 27, 1983 publicly launched. Its goal is to create a completely free operating system. Richard Stallman was first in net.unix-wizards newsgroup posted the message, and comes with a .
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GNU About the same point of historical differences HistoryLicensingDesign and implementationGNU softwareGNU idea of the superiority of the superiority of free software GNU About GNU premise and conclusion is Stallman announced the GNU should be pronounced Guh-NOO to avoid confusion with the new word (Note: Gnu in English, intended for the wildebeest in Africa, with the new sound the same). UNIX is a widely used commercial operating system name. The GNU system will interface to achieve the UNIX standard, GNU programs were developed for different operating system components. GNU was already planning to use some freely available software, such as TeX typesetting system and the X Window Windows systems. However, a large number of GNU programs have also developed other free software. To ensure the GNU software is free to GNU General Public License, GPL). This is known as the History Founded in 1985, Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation (Free Software Foundation) to plan for the GNU to provide technical, legal and financial support. Although most of the time GNU program voluntary, unpaid contributions by individuals, but the FSF to hire a programmer sometimes help write. When the success of GNU program began, some commercial companies are involved in the development and technical support. After the most famous is the Red Hat merger is Cygnus Solutions. By 1990, GNU program has developed software includes a powerful text editor Emacs, C compiler GCC, and most UNIX system libraries and tools. Still not completed the only important component is the operating system kernel (called the HURD). 1991, Linus Torvalds to write Linux-compatible with the UNIX operating system kernel and under the terms of the GPL. Linux Online
write after the Linux-Linus Torvalds
widespread, many programmers involved in the development and modification. 1992 with Linux and other GNU software, completely free operating system was born. The operating system is often called (Nevertheless GNU Hurd kernel program is still in its development, the current Beta version has been released.) Many UNIX systems are also installed GNU software, GNU software because the quality of the software than the previous UNIX even better. GNU tools are also widely ported to the Windows and Mac OS. Contains three terms of the agreement GNU, GPL: GNU General Public License (GNU General Public License) LGPL: GNU Lesser General Public License (GNU Lesser General Public License),), formerly the GNU Library General Public License (GNU Library General Public License card); GFDL: GNU Free Documentation License (GNU Free Documentation License) in the abbreviated form. This refers to freedom, not price free, and prices that has nothing to do but to use the software for all users is free. GPL to achieve this goal through the following ways: 1. It requires software to release the source code form and provides users to the source code of any form of copy or distribute the software to other users. 2. If the user uses the software protected by the GPL as part of any software, then the software inherit the GPL software, and thus become the GPL software, that is to be released along with the application source code. 3.GPL does not exclude the commercial nature of the free software packaging and distribution, not limited to free software package based on the issue of other non-free software. Because the GPL is difficult to apply commercial software, it requires its library code calls have to GPL, all open, and with publishing, not directly connected. Therefore, later launched the GNU LGPL license if you are ready to use in your project Linux, then you need to know two of the two two licenses, GPL and LGPL .. the same point because the GPL and LGPL, is free software foundations, so between them are very similar, they all have an important feature Copyleft: The term copyleft GNU project from saying, in English Copyleft puns (Copyright: Copyright), said the anti-copyright, that is, non-profit the meaning of copyright. He was referring to open-source license in the following terms: any person or company is not able to GPL / LGPL software source code under the protection of copy, modify, put the protection of these changes together - even if they could make changes to the performance of the software better than the original version. Once the code is GPL or LGPL for some protection, then the code itself, and all changes made to it have to be in front of people and organizations interested in it open, if a third party to modify and distribute this code,
nike air force 1, you must modify the code and the original code openly to accept the code. Different points in the GPL and the LGPL license the source code released under the protection of the results is very similar to the old code, any changes made to the code for people who want to know must be open, the only real difference is whether the private copyright code interconnected with open source, LGPL allows private entities connected to the open source code, and can publish them in any form synthetic binary code. Only the code is dynamically linked to no limit. (Using dynamic links, even if the program is running in the call library function, the application itself and the libraries are different entities) GNU (pronounced / gnu /) is a free software operating system. Its name is a recursive acronym for systems in the world known as programs released under the auspices of the GNU Project are called GNU packages or GNU programs.History The GNU project was announced publicly on September 27, 1983, on the net.unix-wizards [1] and net.usoft newsgroups. Software development began on January 5, 1984, when Stallman quit his job at Massachusetts Institute of Technology so that they could not claim ownership or interfere with distributing GNU as free software. The correct pronunciation of GNU is g'noo (IPA: / gnu /), with a hard computer users to be free - as most were in the 60s and 70s - free to study the source code of the software they use, free to modify the behaviour of the software, and free to publish their modified versions of the software. This philosophy was published in March 1985 as The GNU Manifesto. The majority of the software needed had to be written from scratch, but when compatible free software components already existed, they were used. Two examples were the TeX typesetting system, and the X Window System. Most of GNU has been written by volunteers; some in their spare time, some paid by other companies. In October 1985, Stallman set up the Free Software Foundation (FSF). In the mid-and late-80s, FSF hired software developers to write the software needed for GNU. At its peak it had 15 people on its staff. FSF also holds the copyrights for some GNU software packages. Most GNU packages are licensed under the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL), while a few use the GNU Lesser General Public License (GNU LGPL), and a still smaller amount use other free software licenses. So that it would be convenient for people to switch to GNU, it was decided that GNU would be mostly compatible with Unix, which was a popular proprietary operating system at the time. The design of Unix had proven to be solid, and it was modular, so it could be reimplemented piece by piece. As GNU gained prominence, interested businesses began contributing to development or selling GNU software and technical support. The most prominent and successful of these was Cygnus Solutions, now part of Red Hat.Licensing In order to ensure that GNU software remains free,
air force one low nike, the project released the first version of the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) in 1989. This license is now used by most GNU programs, as well as a large number of free software programs that are not part of the GNU project; it is the most commonly used free software license in the world. It gives all recipients of a program the right to run, copy, modify and distribute it, while forbidding them from imposing further restrictions on any copies they distribute. This idea is referred to as copyleft.Design and implementation The initial plan for GNU was to be mostly Unix-compatible, while adding enhancements where they were useful. The design of the kernel was GNU's largest departure from servers that offers the same functionality as the traditional Unix kernel (or Linux). GNU (using Hurd) can be tried using a live CD. (See External links). By 1990, the GNU system had an extensible text editor (Emacs), a very successful optimizing compiler (GCC), and most of the core libraries and utilities of a standard Unix distribution. The main component still missing was the kernel. In the GNU Manifesto, Stallman had mentioned that features are needed to emulate Unix. this kernel. However, the developers eventually decided it was unusable as a starting point, primarily because it only ran on , the Mach message-passing kernel being developed at Carnegie Mellon University was being considered instead, although its release as free software was delayed till 1990 while its developers worked to remove code owned by AT & T. Since the Mach microkernel, by design, provided just the low-level kernel functionality, the GNU Project had to develop the higher-level parts of the kernel,
air force 1 high, as a collection of user programs. Initially, this collection was to be called Alix, but developer Michael Bushnell later preferred the name Hurd, so the Alix name was moved to a subsystem and eventually dropped completely. Eventually, development of the Hurd stalled due to technical reasons and personality conflicts. GNU / Hurd refers to the GNU OS distribution that uses GNU Hurd as its core. GNU Hurd is the set of programs or servers run on top of a microkernel (it currently uses the GNU Mach microkernel, but efforts port the Hurd to the L4 microkernel are currently ongoing). The GNU project,
nike air force one, while ; GNU / Hurd Linux say, makes it clear that a person is referring to the combination of the kernel Linux and the GNU userland binaries, forming a complete GNU OS. Linus Torvalds, original author of the kernel, does not approve of the term ; he prefers in 1992. Linux was further developed by various programmers over the Internet. In 1992, it was combined with the GNU system, resulting in a fully functional free operating system. The GNU system is most commonly encountered in this form, usually referred to as a of FreeBSD and NetBSD. On the 20th anniversary of the GNU Project (January 5, 2004), the Irish Free Software Organisation was founded to promote free software in Ireland.GNU software Prominent components of the GNU system include the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) , the GNU C Library (glibc), the GNU Emacs text editor, and the GNOME graphical desktop. Many GNU programs have been ported to other operating systems and are often installed on proprietary UNIX systems to replace the proprietary utilities. As well as giving users freedom, many of these GNU programs have been proven to be more reliable than their proprietary Unix counterparts [2]. The reputation of GNU software is especially good for its software development tools, which are sometimes collectively called the GNU toolset. Making up but a small fraction of the GNU system as a whole, some people consider the toolset to be of superior quality to many of the equivalent Unix versions, even if the GNU versions are not totally POSIX compliant. With the popularity of GNU / Linux systems, many developers install the GNU toolset on other systems for compatibility or to capture uniform behavior across platforms. Many GNU programs have also been ported to Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and various other proprietary platforms, however, the motive for developing these programs was to contribute to replacing those systems with free software, not to enhance them.GNU idea I found an article called Note that the following is not original, but the basic line with intent to support proprietary software are usually held the view, the software proprietary software developers can provide the necessary financial support, and if no such financial support, then no one will be to develop software . This view is either to accept the logic of the software proprietary, or loss of software, and in fact this is a disguised form of blackmail, the software is not proprietary software, a necessary condition. If we assume that the Now we analyze the disadvantages of proprietary software. A total of four points; one, it limits the number of users of the software. Suppose a software has been developed, this software has already paid all investments (regardless of how many people use it), from a social point of view, any restrictions on the behavior of software is a waste of their investment Second, it undermines the social harmony. If you and your neighbors want to use the same software, you buy this software, you borrow from your neighbor,
air force one shoes, you will be caught in a dilemma. If you borrow, you violated copyright law, if not borrow, you go against the virtues of neighborhood support. Third, it does not allow users to modify the code, which leads the user can not rewrite the software according to their needs. If an existing software can not meet demand (probably as long as a small amount of code to modify the original), the user or to re-write their own software, or to put up with the existing software is not perfect. Fourth, it is not conducive to software development. We can only stand on the shoulders of people around the software that is not to eliminate private, we can not develop software out? No, for two reasons First, the programming is a funny thing. 70 no concept of the software proprietary, but it also developed a lot of software, they are completely out of their own preferences to the programming, and did not expect to get rich by programming themselves. But then Renxinbugu, Moral Degeneration, people are attracted to the development of software just to get a high return, so have today's situation; if we reduce the return on software development (through free software), things will slowly back to the past, people would go out of its own interest in developing software. In addition, relative to the programmers to get rich, just to feed a programmer is still very easy to do in the free software is a capital guaranteed. Hardware developers sometimes develop related software, such software is usually in the 70s is free software. University will also develop software, although today they will sell the software, but in the 70's, these are also free of charge. If we cancel the software proprietary system, then obviously these universities will be forced to re-development of free software. And although the free software means that software itself is free, but we can provide services for the software to collect fees, for example, using the training fees, upgrade and maintenance fees. And while the software itself is free, but the software attached to the media or to charges, by selling these media can also obtain a certain income. Finally, free software organizations often get considerable contributions. So even if the software is to remove the private system, we also have financial support,
nike air force one low, no software to worry about the superiority of the superiority of using free software software free software relative to the superiority of the private system as well as a free software greatly improves the software development productivity, because he can get the maximum range of use of software that allows users to customize their own software, so that we can reuse the freedom of others to avoid duplication of development efforts so that students can better learn software development. Second, the software will be a private system introduced into the software development business interests, which often brings vicious competition. Healthy competition is centralization of power and refused to open to the public information, from this perspective, the spread of software control software system of private ownership is the real premise of Soviet communism and the conclusions of the rights of software users and application developers have the same status as the rights and interests, On this basis, we discuss what the system can maximize the benefits of both. above the premise of my argument, for those who believe that the supreme interests of software developers who, I had to say, Privatization is a reflection of human desires form, it is typical for their own self-interest detrimental to the public interest. We are not living in the primitive forest savages, we live in a civilized society, people should help each other. Comrades, at least in the software field, let us abandon the kind of savage acts, full of spirit of collaboration to build a new society it! term Atlas Atlas more extended reading: 1
www.gnu.org
open Category: operating system, Unix, linux, free software, GPL I have to perfect the
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