Naval Medical Institute researchers have developed our conventional air diving technical diving, decompression program to ensure the successful completion of the task. During the work, has been of direct concern to national leaders, to promote diving and diving medical research, technology, new progress. With the submarine and other equipment constantly updated, submarine rescue become an unavoidable issue, but also requires a corresponding deep diving techniques, especially the saturation diving techniques.
CNOOC's China Oilfield Services Limited is the only company with advanced geophysical ship, it now has nearly 10 similar vessels, most of the geophysical 5 cable ship.
China CNOOC is China's largest offshore oil producer,
karen millen jackets, is also one of the largest national oil company, responsible for foreign cooperation in offshore China Offshore Oil and gas exploration. The most central research institutes --- China National Offshore Oil Research Institute of China's commitment to the development of major offshore oil and gas research.
there is oil in the Bohai Sea, South China Sea, Air
generally selected target area, the work is continued by the engineering survey vessel: offshore drilling on the nearby environment, oil platforms and undersea oil and gas sites selected pipeline routed environment, to ensure that offshore oil field facilities on the place the safety and stability.
Although the saturation dive experiments, the
for a long time, Since the 1990s, China has implemented a number of areas in the oil and gas geological survey. In April 2002, the Ministry organized the national oil and gas resources strategy constituency work. The experts, including the field, including the
Foreign oil and gas fields have been developed maximum depth of over 2743 meters, China 333 meters.
China saturation diving late start, but developing rapidly. Huang Xiaohu, political commissar of Navy Medical Research Institute, told reporters: The development of science, to complete a series of major military and civilian diving tasks, such as 1963's 'leap' cause Tanmo sinking. In the context of the Cold War, this ship's sinking because of concern, which is particularly critical survey investigation.
the experiment exceeded the limit behind the diver, the most critical core technology or innovation is the compression and decompression of the program design would endanger divers --- fast life, slow it will affect the efficiency , in which you must find a balance.
then, including the South China Sea, including the China National Offshore oil and gas development of the family property in the end?
this year's In his motion, he said, in 1993 China became a net oil importer since 2006, annual imports are at 1 million tons. China's crude oil production in recent years the basic hovering at 1.9 million tons, annual growth is only 2 million to 3 million tons, while demand for oil will continue to maintain rapid growth. Therefore, China's energy development should be shifted from land-based sea, deep water from shallow turn.
United States and France in the field of competition in more than 20 years. In 1981, the United States to complete completed in the Mediterranean 500 meters depth tour saturated -534 meter diving real potential test in 1992 and to achieve a simulated depth of 701 meters, no one has broken this record.
almost the same time, the French also organized in 1962, codenamed
In addition, the offshore oil and gas resources in the important places --- the South China Sea, environmental conditions, special: summer, tropical storms,
Pema Chi Lin Tibet is not a separate application to the central project of Daqing, winter monsoon, as well as internal waves, the slope of Engineering Geology and submarine sand ridge sand disasters slope and so on. In addition, the Bohai Sea in winter sea ice is a problem plagued researchers.
divers Gang told correspondents: With the pressure close to the water 400 meters divers breathing obstruction occurs, the phenomenon of slow response. But the real work of divers long-term impact of living,
ralph lauren tracksuits, breathing inert gases voice distortion, they sometimes only through gestures and handwriting to communicate. In the decompression process, due to changes in humidity, but also the prevalence of tinea diver, athlete's foot, otitis externa and other illnesses.
1957, the U.S. Navy diving physiologist Bond proposed a That divers under prolonged exposure to high pressure, fluid in the body of the organization dissolved inert gas to reach full saturation, so that divers can stay under high pressure as well as dozens of days a few days, repeated, prolonged underwater operations, to be scheduled job task is completed, a vacuum outlet.
to 2008, for example, the main exploration areas offshore China reached 25.7 million square kilometers, 2102 million barrels of proven reserves of oil equivalent, including crude oil 14 million barrels of oil equivalent.
At the same time, deep-water drilling equipment and pipe-laying operations the rapid development of technology, the world has more than 30 ships in service facility with 3000 m drilling depth capability of drilling operations, including the sixth-generation deepwater drilling ship work will reach 3658 meters water depth, drilling depth and even 11,000 meters.
Before that, China's largest deep-water drilling depth of only 505 meters. Even today, China Offshore Oil Engineering self-development capacity is limited to 200 m depth within and abroad, compared to about 10-year gap.
experienced by the co-development to self-developed technological breakthroughs, China has passed the By 2009, China has put into operation 53 offshore oil and gas fields, construction of 108 offshore fixed platform, the formation of 43.4 million tons of annual production capacity.
with saturation diving technology matures, some developed countries such as Switzerland, Norway, Germany and Japan to join them. Relative to the United States and France record of competition, they focus on ocean development, or economic interests or strategic location for maritime considerations, more attention by saturation diving practice to cultivate a large number of divers are familiar with this technology. Such as Switzerland, Norway, Germany, were a number of saturation diving experiment, currently in commercial sea rescue, deep sea fishing areas already have the top power; while Japan maintained a 450 meters of the sea real saturation diving Asian record.
According to Li Qingping, in the
480 米 deep diving experiments inside story
but it is in underwater construction or deep-sea submarine rescue, saturation diving huge economic, military strategic value, are worth the huge state investment in scientific research personnel of hard work and sacrifice and dedication divers. Simulation is over, the actual sea diving experiment will surely be on the agenda. will reach the level of the world at the same level
due to saturation diving experiment principle is inert gas in the blood and other body fluids is completely saturated, so the heart and brain blood vessels, internal organs, the nervous system is the focus of inspection.
Finally, the diver enters the pressurized module, the fully enclosed, high-pressure environment outside the health care and even gave a successful experiment has brought many difficulties. From the divers themselves, in addition to the body to meet the requirements, but also the psychological balance, health can be gregarious, to collaborative work.
submersible operations depends mainly on the robot, in the implementation of submarine rescue, and other fine work in construction, far less than the divers manual operations. This is a bit like the astronauts in space extravehicular maintenance --- Although the United States, Russia, when astronauts work in space, the robot will have a secondary, but much of the work astronauts completed the job by hand.
correspondents, through access to video recordings of the experiment and found that in addition to simulated deep diving operations, divers at rest, reading the newspaper, exercise time, are tied to the head and chest a few electrodes. Researchers told reporters that divers are in the measurement of ECG, EEG, finger tremor, heart rate variability and other physiological parameters. Divers in the experimental pressurized cabin is not just a simple life, but also to a variety of projects with the completion of the study, recording of data for later experiments and deep dive training people to leave the signs ahead.
With the development of deepwater oil and gas industry, a variety of deep-water platforms in the design and construction techniques have improved. According to Li Qingping, currently the world's total of more than 3600 sets of underwater production equipment, 240 deep-water platforms in the world's waters run. Among them, China is only 34 sets.
deep-water gas field is expected to be fully completed in 2014.
both submarine rescue or underwater salvage, the total required time as short as possible. However, in order to avoid decompression sickness, diver's hand, limits the efficiency. In fact, human beings can be long in the water can sneak into the deep, high pressure on the body depends not only on the role but also on the diving efficiency. Can not create an environment and conditions, to avoid time underwater divers decompression after cumbersome procedures, so that decompression time is not extended with the increase in underwater operations, became the core issue of deep diving.
the Chinese dragon has just completed a submersible dive 3,700 meters experiment, Naval Medical Research Institute of the successful completion of a 480-meter saturation diving experiment, the two figures on how to understand the difference?
However, these are the first step of Chinese people move into deep-sea challenge. Chinese people will be We are still a major force on the Bohai Sea, but certainly the future development of the South China Sea.
barge pulled the book jacket platform and wells, the large-scale structures responsible for maritime crane lifting, pipe-laying vessel in the submarine gas pipeline. Offshore Oil Engineering Co., Ltd. currently has four crane, pipe-laying vessel 5, respectively, the
the end of May this year, It was the first one at the same time with 3000 m deep pipe-laying capacity, 4,000-ton lifting capacity, the third generation of dynamic positioning systems and ability to work self-propelled vessel.
9 6, four high-pressure saturation diving divers over the 19-day simulation of the cabin underwater life, peace emerged from the capsule. Their central nervous system function, physical mental, psychological and breathing, pulse, blood pressure, body fluids and other physiological indicators of normal and feel good.
how to really develop into the deep ocean and is a set of systems engineering. Oil in the Shanghai World Expo Museum, a set of Chinese sea exploration and drilling oil in deep-sea fleet model: deepwater semi-submersible drilling platform ship However, they only develop China's current system of part of the ocean.
proven commercial value in the presence of reservoir, the exploration stage quickly into the development phase. Large barges for offshore oil and gas field jacket shipment, transportation, and water. China's listed holding company, CNOOC Offshore Oil Engineering Co., Ltd. currently has six barges, which carrying capacity of 80,000 tons.
oil drilling platforms in place and the completion of production wells, offshore oil would be sent down the pipeline processing, storage and transportation of oil and gas installations, the last to enter the Chinese people's daily lives.
present, China Oilfield Services Limited has four engineering survey vessel, which Under construction,
first deepwater oil and gas development challenge is to deep-water oil and gas exploration. Li Qingping, said, including the slope of the depression, long cable seismic signal measurement and analysis techniques, multi-wave field analysis, a large reservoir deep hidden reservoir recognition technology and identification technology and so challenging.
2001,
karen millen coats, at the Naval Medical Research Institute with the assistance of the South China Sea navy unit successfully conducted a saturation -182 m 150 m sea diving training tour.
divers in saturation diving in an enclosed environment that patients, which can not get out, the outside is difficult to intervene. Some information: the 1970s, a few developed countries started more than 400 meters depth saturation diving experiments, and some just because the temperature controlled, divers in the cabin sacrifice. Clinical disease occurs in the pressing process, change the experimental program and plans affecting the smooth progress of the experiment.
divers, underwater lonely warrior
Americans first proposed the diving, This is the world's first sea saturation diving experiment, a pioneer in developing marine inner space.
oil and gas reserves in the seabed among the lithosphere, deep geophysical exploration ship the simple principle that is inspired by the artificial seismic waves, seismic waves penetrate the seabed interface and then reflected back to the ground surface by the boat behind the cable receiver. The data is processed and interpreted as stratigraphic geological data and information, based on this information and combine information to determine the oil and gas drilling exploration wells to mine.
Britain, the United States, Switzerland, Norway, France, Germany, Japan, Russia and other eight countries have already exceeded 400 m depth. The Chinese people made the depth of 480 meters try to refresh the manned simulated saturation diving experiments of the Asian record, making China the world's first nine master break 400 meters depth, divers exposed to direct high-pressure environment of operating technique.
so, how effective the cabin divers physiological and psychological intervention, the same relationship to the success of the experiment. Basic food and water, must be arrived by a special tube material can be achieved. To put the physical risks may be nipped in the bud, health care personnel must be fully and dynamically control the cabin of the divers physiological indicators. Therefore, research units have developed a series of monitoring tools to adapt to saturation diving.
According to two-dimensional seismic data, estimates that well over one hundred billion cubic meters of natural gas reserves.
at 2102 million barrels of total proven reserves in Bohai Bay has 1065 million barrels of oil equivalent, the total proven reserves of 50.67%; the western and the eastern South China Sea, respectively, with 614 storage and 348 million barrels of oil equivalent million barrels of oil equivalent, of the total proven reserves of 45.79%. East China Sea,
sunglasses for cheap, 75 million barrels of proven reserves of oil equivalent, accounting for 3.57% of total proved reserves.
South China Sea, one of Asia's three major marginal sea. North China, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, China is governed. Southern edge of the James Shoal to the southernmost tip of China's territorial waters. East and south across the Philippine Islands, respectively, and large Sunda Islands and the Pacific, Indian Ocean, adjacent to the west and Indochina and the Malay Peninsula, an area of 350 square kilometers, an average depth of 1212 meters.
1976 years, this Naval Medical Research Institute to establish China's first saturation diving JEM, and saturation diving in the country for the first time the transition to the experimental study of people, simulated air saturation diving experiment. Although the simulated depth of 30 meters, but to develop China's first batch of saturation diving divers, life support systems and medical support personnel and technical personnel.
of oil equivalent is based on the standard oil heating value of the amount of energy conversion targets. China, also known as Standard Oil. 1 kg of oil equivalent calorific value, 42.62 MJ calculated according to the UN. 1 ton oil equivalent of 14,500 tons standard coal.
the 1950s, nuclear submarines, offshore oil development and other military and civilian technologies advance, along with the maritime shipping industry after World War II economic recovery and emergence. But the problem also occur: the strategic significance of the submarine crashed in the sea once how to do? Once the water crashed how to salvage the ship? These are inseparable from a group of people --- the ability of divers with deep-water operations. From the body structure is concerned, have the ability to withstand a certain water pressure, bearing capacity of trained divers more. However, when human divers also found a mortal enemy --- decompression sickness.
As China Sea oil exploration and marine technology leader, Li Xu Xuan Chinese offshore oil and gas resources for the development of confidence.
dive 400 meters, a man must break the Chinese people, for the first time into the limits of the region, and simulate freeze deep dive record of 480 meters.
the experiment, said project leader Xiaowei Bing, selection to adapt to saturation diving divers and astronauts are very different, the astronauts are under pressure to reach a few transient G, but for a long time the basic no more than one atmospheric pressure; and 500 meters underwater divers will take 50 atmospheres, the equivalent of tens of thousands of kilograms per square meter of the load. Despite awareness of this load divers feel, but the body must withstand the pressure of each cell.
Li Qingping that the technological gap between China's deep-water deep-water oil and gas development facing the greatest challenge for China to achieve the development of deepwater technology across the key.
12 cables of the exploration ship
However, the Husky Energy to implement a major exploration and drilling work. According to the news early in the project, Husky Energy, albeit 100% of the exploration drilling costs, but will represent China at the China Sea oil to obtain up to 51% interest.
but the actual saturation with true underwater diving compared to simulated saturation diving in the cost, complexity, there are a considerable distance. From the present point of view, in addition to the commercial saturation diving 300 meters, the countries in the depth of 400 meters of the actual number of small saturation diving, divers and diving because of the requirements of larger health care.
implementation of this experiment Huang Xiaohu, political commissar of Navy Medical Research told to submarine rescue technical reserves; also can greatly improve the country's maritime development capabilities.
simulated saturation diving experiments of this project team leader, Institute of Medicine, Tao Yonghua Navy explained that the dragon's reach 3,700 meters deep submergence submarine to withstand underwater pressure is the main equipment, as long as industrial technology allows to reach 7000 m depth can be even deeper; and saturation diving experiment in order to direct people to dive deep, to withstand water pressure, the study focused on the impact of high pressure on staff and should take measures to ensure the safety of divers .
preparatory work has been completed, the ship started drilling the reservoir layer to the submarine forward. China Oilfield Services Limited currently has 27 rigs. In the Its drilling capacity of 9145 m, becoming the first buildings over 9,000 meters drilling platform. However,
1989 years, the institute saturation diving systems in the 500 meters 350 m simulated helium-oxygen saturation diving tours -374 m human experiments, exposure to 20 days under high pressure, creating a simulated saturation diving at the Asian record.
next breakthrough: 3000 m
2006 year, China completed the first commercial saturation diving operations at sea (96 m -105 m saturation diving tour), 12 divers in deep-sea high pressure in life 390 hours, the potential 28 times, working hours up to 126 hours to complete the oil pipeline replacement, to achieve a saturation diving from the simulation into commercial operation across.
In fact, in the recent Gulf of Mexico seabed oil spill incident, the Chinese companies began to focus on deep diving technology --- Once the offshore oil accident, to block, in addition to equipment, but also to continue to protect people .
First, the test equipment has been used with pressurized cabin for 21 years, although the cabin itself is simulated by 500 m saturation diving design, but there is a problem many parts need repair, manned experiments in this laboratory, requiring elsewhere, the project team with test requirements, modify the equipment, and had a long run, to ensure safety of equipment.
Xiaowei Bing told the correspondents, the decompression program with originality, with years of military training when compared with the time reduced by 30%, improve efficiency, while improving security. Prior to ten years, training has been the use of foreign military diver's decompression program.
currently the sixth-generation deepwater semi-submersible drilling platform This huge drilling platform Expo appearance has caused considerable concern, its data and information have continued to be reported in the media. Today, the only people able to do is wait until it actually put into use.
diver's own physical and technical preparation is just one aspect of a successful experiment in true saturation diving simulation, the more risk the whole team.
United States and France on the In 1988, France conducted a saturation - the real potential test circuit diving, underwater divers in the Mediterranean, 534 meters at the end of the effective completion of tasks in which human beings without the aid of bathyscaphs really reach the deepest water depth.
sank half a century ago-ton wheel
9 mid-May, This article concludes that the world had only the U.S., Russia, France and Japan to carry out deep-sea exploration.
simply, in the tens of meters underwater, the common people breathing compressed air on the line. However, with increasing depth, underwater breathing normal air, nitrogen under high pressure which easily lead to There is only one breath inert gas such as helium and oxygen gas mixture for deeper diving. The inert gas will melt into the body after inhalation of blood, which determines the divers underwater longer, the longer the process of floating decompression, diving efficiency will be greatly reduced. If you do not follow the rules for vacuum, inert gases dissolved in the body joints or in the diver's body tissues to form bubbles, will cause severe decompression sickness, even life-threatening.
and scientists also found that, from the depth of saturation diving to dive to greater depths, to a certain depth within the return time-depth, time to go through decompression procedures. This is the concept of diving tour.
2002, China's CNOOC had the waters of the 12 deepwater exploration and development carried out for bidding, and finally with Husky, Kerr-McGee, Devon, and three other foreign companies British Gas signed seven production sharing contracts and geophysical agreements.
Although China's offshore oil and gas industry with the world advanced level in the gap is still about 10 years, but the China National Offshore Oil Research Institute of the technical staff to Articles Correspondents said the current pace of development, only 5 years time, China National Offshore oil and gas exploration and development of technology and equipment to reach the world advanced level.
go deep-sea
2008 years, to spend 600 million yuan reform of China's first 8 cable geophysical vessel Geophysical evaluation of the cable number is the main criteria for ship class: simply said, And will be delivered in 2010,
Secondly, divers in the experiment is the most dangerous enemy of high pressure nervous syndrome. Ni Lei told the reporter, in the previous 250 m saturation diving experiments, he basically did not feel strange; but in the 480 m saturation diving experiment in the nearly 400 meters, he obviously felt different, such as breathing resistance , head vertigo, movements began to slow, and so on. Through the efforts of medical personnel, these symptoms have disappeared within a few hours. The decompression process, the risk of decompression sickness should not be ignored.
particularity as underwater, in general, are single action. Whether there is little risk of the underwater world, divers can only own face. If the water turbid water, divers carry even diffuse light source and because it is difficult to see objects; the event of winding, divers have their own problems.
this project funded by the state, organization and implementation of Land and Resources, China National Offshore Oil bear, officially launched in 2004.
saturation diving huge economic, military strategic value, are worth the huge state investment in scientific research personnel of hard work and divers sacrifice
so-called deep sea, generally refers to the vertical distance from the surface to the seabed 300 to 500 meters above the sea. 300 million square kilometers for the South China Sea also found that gas hydrates exist in geophysical and biological signs.
now,
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this piece of gas fields in the
addition to physical surveillance, psychological interventions are at the same time. In a completely enclosed space, divers can easily feel depressed, doing nothing, even before foreign divers cases of mental collapse. Professionals throughout the experiment to provide psychological services for the divers. Time to ease the psychological tension. Experts will also organize a small party, family connections, etc. to adjust their emotions.
Hong Kong Island, next to the Alberta's Husky Energy Cooperation,
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correspondents, the first close contact with the four heroes diving, divers Sunzhi Jiang said: kind of. Behind us, there are a large number of medical technology staff for their dedication. They experienced prior to this pilot project into a very fine check.
applied in commercial diving saturation diving technology is relatively mature, shallow saturation diving to 300 meters have been widely used, and more than 400 meters of so-called deep diving, has a different meaning. Nearly 20 years,
timberland boys boots Cold weather caused Zhaotong, Germany, Japan, done a lot of deep saturation diving work. Japan's average of once a year for deep saturation diving experiments and training; Germany that more than 400 meters, more emphasis on its military significance.
1987, China has conducted its first helium-oxygen saturation diving real potential of the human body at sea, roving diving depth of -100 meters.
had a physical examination that hurdle, and divers also conduct a series of physical training. Staff reporter access to the diver training schedule shows: the training program, including 1000 m jogging, push-ups, sit-ups, chin-up, breathing training, diving bell training and other projects. Meanwhile, the diving medical experts have also established physical training and technical diver training files.
simulated saturation diving experiments of China, for example, 480 meters for the simulation of saturation diving depth, 493 m diving depth is traveling.
human can touch deep seabed
and the Chinese simulate 480 m helium-oxygen saturation diving experiment was a success, once again to make deep dive in China occupy the leading position in Asia.
on the diver's blue overalls, the experiments clearly printed with the code
Li Qingping China Sea oil for those very familiar with the top equipment, she participated as a core member of the majority of China's CNOOC oil and gas field development, design and planning.
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