Ten years ago, the world's scientists, the open letter addressed to Governments 2000-9-1
Guxiu Lin's note: This is a file written ten years antecedent, and immediately read it, nearly favor it was yesterday written entirely written for today and the file is still everywhere in 10 years hits the jot, that is, said that the issues raised 10 years antecedent, not one solved the problem in truth more. Transgenic technology - demanded to be bio-breeding techniques that agricultural technology, is a human not seen the worst of the technology, the consequences of applying of this technology, there are very few people make big money, and the universal environment will be slow but tight human way into the abyss of life and death. Real scientists have long sent their voices, but in science in the 21st century, the mainstream scientific community has created a new fashion: the complete oppression of all objection of their own non-mainstream. Today,
GHD Purple Straighteners, the mainstream scientific community has degenerated into a matron of international interest groups, forget the task of science is the pursuance of fact, correct peccadillo. Therefore, the people against the bad of technology, maintain their own power skirmishes to survive, we must build a new grid of the 21st century: people ally for a common goal and action: the GM and recipes from our land on a explicit out!
Here are 828 scientists
2000 Open Letter to Governments. Of which 181 are U.S. scientists, 115 British scientists.
English native published in the British Open University
Summary
signed the open letter we are scientists, we call for the immediate suspension of any release to the environment of genetically modified crops and products, including commercial cultivation and open field experiments, at least suspended for 5 years; We call above the revocation and prohibition of life processes, organisms, seeds, cell lines and gene patenting; on the future of all people narrated to agriculture and food security problems, we call for a large public discussion. Forms of human life must be banned and the life processes of acknowledging patents, patent rights because they threaten the food security and conniving knowledge of the origin of genetic resources and biological theft, violation of basic human rights, breaking the base line of human dignity, and injury health, hindrance to medical and scientific research, while disadvantageous to the welfare of animals. Whether genetically modified crops to farmers or clients are not any good. On the contrary, now see very apparently that GM crops will dwindle production, improve the sum of herbicides, genetically modified crop erratic types of GM crops outweigh the benefits. Transgenic food crops have also strengthened the company's monopoly, the result is a farmer family in poverty; transgenic technology also prevents the transformation towards sustainable agriculture, and this is bring an end to ...the world access to food safety and health assure.
from the UK and U.S. government information sources can be stated on GM crops on biodiversity and human and animal health from serious harm, and now no longer any doubt. The possibility of horizontal gene transfer resulted of special notely serious consequences, including the spread of antibiotic resistance marker genes and the spread of catching diseases can no longer make the long run is no remedy, but also followed the emergence of new pathogenic viruses and bacteria, and may cause harmful mutations in cancer.
in Montreal in January 2000 the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety negotiating conferences, more than 130 countries, the government announced that they ambition implement the organizations, commerce concerts and fiscal agreements on the legislative class, if by home or in the legislation at all levels among countries, the full implementation of this conviction.
either countries in the northern hemisphere know next to nothing ofuthern hemisphere countries, sustainable, low-input agriculture and organic harvesting are salutary to improve production efficiency, social development and environmental conservation benefits, the record number of successive studies to prove it. To reinstate the break accustomed chemical farming degraded agricultural land and train traditional ploughing namely the merely course, and the only way to assist small-scale peasants out of poverty and hunger. We urge the U.S. Congress: rejection of GM crops, because GM crops no merely precarious, yet the same contrary to the interests of farmers. We urge the U.S. Congress: the real benefit of research and evolution of sustainable farmers in the earth agricultural production, to patronize it.
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signed the open letter we are scientists, we call for an immediate cessation of all releases to the environment of genetically modified crops and products, whether commercial or open-air field trials planted at least 5 years to stop the release; we call for: revocation and prohibition on life processes, organisms, seeds, all cell lines and gene patents; we call a thorough review by the public to the future of this relationship to agriculture and food security and the important issues of all human.
1. All life forms and life processes of the patent should be banned, because it threatened the food security patents, connivance of origin of biological knowledge and genetic resources theft, violation of basic human rights and human self-respect, undermine the health, impede medical and scientific research, and ignore animal welfare (Note 1, below). Get a life form, such as organisms, seeds, cell lines and genetic knowledge, only a The new process used to explore the life of the GM technology is not reliable, can not control and are unpredictable, do not have More seriously, with numerous of genetically modified organisms and products dangerous for the same cause, the nature of that technology itself is unsafe.
2. It has convert increasingly clear that existing varieties of transgenic crops is not only unnecessary, but can not increase revenue. GM technology is a dangerous and Crossroads, in order to ensure food safety throughout the world to make people more healthy, this should corner to agriculture for sustainable development, but this practice of changing the instruction of GM crops to be blocked.
3. As of 1999, GM crops reached 40 million hectares, only two features in general (2). The first is the broad-spectrum herbicide tolerance, accounted for 71% of the aggregate planted are herbicide company to design, only our own brand of herbicide tolerant varieties; second, with insect characteristics, bt-toxin transformation species based. There is a 8200 sample scrutinize conducted field experiments, likened with non-GM varieties, herbicide-resistant genetically modified soybeans (which is the most planted GM crop) yield reduction of 6.7%, also absence to use 2 to 5 times more herbicide (3). University of Nebraska, a recent learn confirmed this conclusion (4). There are more problems have been identified: the instability of disease susceptibility (5), fruit abortion (6), and cheap economic returns to farmers (7).
4. WFP considers that the existing food enough to feed 1.5 periods the current world population. In the quondam 40 years, the world population additional by 90%, while the number of per-capita share of grain additional by 25%, but there are still billions of people work starving (8). A new FAO report confirms that, even without considering GM crops are likely to be any boost yield, and the world has enough food and even more to meet global demand in 2030 (9). It is because of globalization,
GHD Diamond Flag 2011, more and more companies in the monopoly, the needy are obtaining poorer artist, more hunger (10). Family farmers approximately the world, poverty and suicide is also the same reasons. From 1993 to 1997, the United States reduce the number of medium-sized farms of 74 440 (11), their proceeds is lower than the average spend of production (12). In France and Germany, the agricultural population since 1978 to reduce by 50% (13). In the UK, only in the past year have lost 20 000 agricultural jobs, the British Prime Minister has announced a 2 million pounds of support archive (14). Until the end of 1999, 4 major companies control 85% of world cereal trade volume (15). Mergers and acquisitions continue.
5. Patent system does not allow new seed farm saved seed and plant, and reinforce the monopoly of seed companies, but retained most of the third world farmers seed has all been the institution. In array to protect their patents, seed companies proceed to develop Terminator technology, genetically engineered seeds will not germinate. While the world's farmers and civilian society organizations are disapproved to big companies still own way (16).
6. A major in the third world liberalness work - The group foresaw in the poorest countries, there will be starvation (17). African governments doomed Monsanto said, and do not improve our environmental and economic benefits not the technology ... ... we trust it will damage to biodiversity, the destruction of thousands of our farmers developed indigenous knowledge and sustainable agricultural systems and undermine our aptitude to feed themselves. (18), a Philippine peasant action to the industrialized countries of the OECD (OECD) the information that
7. An American family farm teams Alliance released a detailed list, which intended to ban the ownership of all life forms; to suspend sales, environmental releases and beyond agreement of any genetically modified crops and productions, waiting for a social, environmental, health and economic clash of the neutral and comprehensive assessment is completed; and allow those companies to all GM crops and products on animals, humans and the environment arising from responsibility for damage (20). They also called for a moratorium on all corporate mergers and acquisitions, bankruptcy and closure requirements to suspend the farm, they inquired to stop the implementation of those that encounter the interests of big agribusiness, while the consumption of family farms, damage the interests of taxpayers and the environment of the plan (21). They Monsanto and the other 9 other companies, filed a lawsuit opposition their monopolistic action against them in the want of ample safety and environmental impact assessments ahead the imposition of GM crops put farmers, (22).
8. British and U.S. governments have aboveboard confessed that species of GM crops is dangerous. British Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Ministry (MAFF) admitted that the pollen of genetically modified crops to grow appearance the zone will inevitably drift (23), which has resulted in herbicide-resistant weeds (24). Sponsored by the British government of a field experiment, a intermittent report that has been confirmed in assorted varieties of herbicide-resistant transgenic oilseed rape hybridization happened between, causing a kind of herbicide-resistant hybrids. Then, and mongrel varieties of transgenic rapeseed plants grown in the subsequent graphs of wheat and barley crops to be spraying herbicides to control standard (25). Pest resistance to Bt has evolved, which is moth toxin in transgenic plants throughout the growing season there's accent rejoinder; which the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommendations for farmers is to plant more non-GM crops ( Up to 40%),
GHD Hair, to provide refuge without resistance to pests (26).
9. The first of several categories of commercial cultivation of GM crops has been a threat to biodiversity, it is increasingly inescapable fact. Transgenic crops with herbicide spraying broad-spectrum herbicide that can indiscriminately destroy savage species, they are also toxic to animals. Glufosinate causes birth failings in mammals (27), but also approximately non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (28). Containing Bt-toxin will kill beneficial insects of transgenic crops, such as bees (29) and lacewing (30), BT corn pollen was found on a large monarch butterflies (31) and butterflies (32) toxicity to deadly levels. Bt toxin from transgenic Bt crops, root exudates, the fast integration with the soil molecules, are protected and not degraded. The toxin is active and there is non-selective style, so the soil target and non target species are affected (33), and toxin can be further transmitted to the floor crops.
10. Manufactured using GMO products are dangerous. Production of genetically modified micro-organisms from the group of tryptophan and at least 37 deaths and 1500 cases of severe disease (34). Genetically modified bovine growth hormone had been injected into cows to increase breast production in vivo, resulting in unnecessary cow disease, increase in milk IGF-1 (growth-promoting factor -1) concentrations, IGF-1 are known human chest and prostate cancer (35). Today, our priority is to protect the public from the damage of all genetically modified products, not equitable the prevention of containing genetically modified DNA or protein damage products, it is because the nature of genetic modification process itself is secure, at least with the current The operation is very safe.
11. U.S. Food and Drug Administration's mystery memorandum revealed that its own scientists warned that genetic engineering is a fashionable beginning point, is bringing new risks, but has not been given due attention. In appending, the premier to be commercially grown GM crops - Sha Fu (Flavr Savr) tomato - did not pass the required from the toxicological test (36). From then until the British 阿帕德普兹 Thai (Arpad Pusztai) and his group point out namely genetically modified potatoes until the serious security problems, not conducted any comprehensive scientific safety testing. Puzi Tai of the Working Group considered that the actual toxicity of the athletic factor, may be derived from the manufacture of transgenic plants that occurs when
12. On the safety of GM foods is an open question the molecular geneticist, the European Union Scientific Committee on Food (38) new food current Chairman of the Working Group Bevan Moseley (Bevan Moseley), Professor. He drew attention to the unpredictability inherent in the technology's effects, and accentuated that the next generation of genetically modified foods - so-called because the recombinant is becoming increasingly complicated.
13. New genes in the lab, a new recombinant genetic material introduced by genetic engineering of crops, livestock and microorganisms (39). Recombinant human genetic material from pathogenic viruses, parasites and bacteria and other organisms, including antibiotic resistance gene coding region. Construction of synthetic mechanisms designed to damage the boundaries of species, havoc to discourage the insertion of foreign genetic material into the genome of the mechanism. The extensive bulk of them billions of years in nature, the process of evolution have not seemed.
14. Construction of these recombinant human method was introduced by invading cells, so that random insertion of foreign genes to target genome (here, the plenary genome of a cell or organism refers to all genetic material). This is unpredictable due to random effects, can lead to severe malformations and the presence of animals in the non-food crops is expected to toxins and allergens.
15. Widely secondhand for all advertisement or field trials of GM crops, 1 of the genetic material is from the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) gene alternate (promoter), which is spliced to the foreign gene (the GM), and to The constant over-expression (40). Cauliflower mosaic virus promoter in all plants, yeast, algae and E. coli are viable. We recently discovered that it is even in amphibian eggs (41) and human cell extracts (42), there are still active. It has a modular framework, with other parts of the virus promoter exchange or all of the commute, so that it has infected. It also has a
16. For these reasons and other reasons, transgenic DNA - genetically modified organisms transferred to the construction of artificial genetic honesty - may be more settled and easier to transfer to distinct species is not associated to; very likely that all species and genetically modified organisms are present between the interactions (44).
17. In transgenic plants, through gene transition of DNA instability is well understood (45). Genetic modified genes constantly remain lazy, but also a portion or all of the transgenic DNA is lost, even to nourish the breeding season also occurs in transgenic DNA is lost (46). We already know thatthe world has entered field trials or commercialization of any lines of transgenic plants, on the genetic material itself, or in the plant genome place of these 2 aspects into whether long term reliability, are not officially issued evidence give the testimony.
18. Genetic transformation of the curtate convey of genes has the potential risks, including the spread of antibiotic resistance genes to pathogens, and produce a new virus that can occasion ailments and new bacteria, and because of the random insertion of exogenous DNA resulting from genetic mutations, some of which mammalian cells may guide to malignancy (47). Cauliflower mosaic virus promoter in all organisms have traits, including humans, this point is the latent risk of horizontal gene migrate are particularly pertinent.
19. In the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance on the fabrication manufacture, antibiotic resistance marker genes in the chart, clear that the uptake of mammalian cells exposed or the likelihood of free DNA (48). British Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Ministry (MAFF) of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) document comments that the transgenic DNA gene transfer can not only straight exposure, but also in the process of farming and food processing, in with plant dust and airborne pollen in contact with the intake (49). The magnitude of this warning with the recent report from Jena University in Germany the same as the school's field tests showed that the genes of genetic modified crops by genetically modified pollen to bee larvae gut bacteria and yeast (50).
20. Most commercial food processing plants can not be damaged DNA (51). For sample, nice grinding and research,
GHD Leopard Grain, with 90 degrees C heat manipulation, grain DNA remained intact. Feed storeroom storehouse in the degradation of plant DNA seldom, the British Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, a special report to ban the use of transgenic plants or by-products as animal feed.
21. Human mouth bacteria have shown to uptake and expression of a number of antibiotic resistance gene contains the bare DNA, there are also alike in the respiratory tract can be transformed bacteria (52).
22. In the laboratory have found that transgenic plants carrying the antibiotic resistance marker genes can be transferred to the level of taint bacteria and fungi (53). Field tests showed that in two years later the planting of genetically modified sugar beet, genetically modified sugar beet DNA still stubbornly present in the taint. There is evidence that transgenic DNA shreds have been transferred to the level of soil bacteria (54).
23. Recent studies of gene therapy and DNA vaccines (including DNA and RNA) clear beyond doubt that all mammals, including humans, the genome of cells, may bare and free of nucleic acid intake, in some cases can be integration. Acute noxious shock, the immune response autoimmune response postpone and other disadvantageous effects have been found (55).
24. British Medical Association in an interim report (May 1999) phoned an indefinite suspend the unlock of genetically modified creatures, of new allergies, the spread of antibiotic resistance genes and the character of transgenic DNA in more depth.
25.2000 In January, Montreal Cartagena to improve the precedence of the WTO trade agreements and financial agreements situation. March 2000, held in Chiba, Japan International Codex Alimentarius Commission to fulfill the same outcome, the delegates agreed to amplify the strict treatment of genetically modified food arrangement programs, including the sale of pre-commercial evaluation of the health consequences of long-term monitoring, genetic stability, toxins, allergens and additional unintended effects test (56). In May 2000 the Nairobi meeting, 68 governments signed the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.
26. We urge Governments to give full attention to recent scientific evidence, concerns and genetic engineering have produced a variety of products and potential risks, according to the precautionary principle of complete scientific principles, to swiftly suspend with immediate effect from the new release to the environment genetically modified organisms, including the open field test.
27. On the third world countries and adult countries in the sustainable development of home farms and good productivity, a perennial research records tin prove that (57). Both in formative and developed countries, there is evidence that small farms than colossal farms more fruitful, more telling, more conducive to economic development. Small farmers tend to reasonable management of natural resources, are more probable to maintain biodiversity and the sustainability of agricultural production (58). The Soviet collapse in Eastern Europe in 1989 triggered the economic crisis, Cuba had to give up large-scale, lofty input monoculture forms, to small-scale changes in organic and semi-organic agriculture to food production doubled, while reducing by half Agriculture inputs (59).
28. The regional agricultural knowledge and adapted the combination of modern western scientific knowledge, this type of ecological agriculture diversification of agriculture for developing countries to provide broad prospects for sustainable development (60). The agriculture production has increased to double and triple, and still continue to improve. It is estimated that the world has 12.5 million hectares of land have been successfully cultivated by this method (61). Small farmers also have to bear such environment-friendly technologies. This agricultural model can be retrieved has been conventional (modernization) of intensive agriculture to give up the corner of the land. It is the repair customary (modern) agricultural technology destroy the only viable way to the soil. Most importantly, it enables farmers scamper small family out of poverty and hunger.
29. We urge all governments rejection of GM crops is the truth: GM crops not only dangerous, but also a violation of the sustainable use of biological resources of the Road. Governments should support research with the opposite, namely, the real benefit of developing world sustainable agriculture, family agriculture usages.
References
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Ten years antecedent, the world's scientists, the
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