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**5ywen009** · 04-29-2011, 03:55 AM

高速下载This is the VOA Special English Health Report.The H1N1 flu virus that has spread around the world is especially risky for pregnant women. If they become infected,dre beats,　　茗屿中心小学五年级, especially after the first three months of pregnancy,casque dr dre, they can get very sick or even die. Cases of fetal death have also been reported.File photo of a pregnant woman receiving a seasonal flu shot in Dallas, TexasFile photo of a pregnant woman receiving a seasonal flu shot in Dallas,Polo Ralph Lauren pas cher, TexasPregnant women face an increased risk even during outbreaks of seasonal influenza. But the new H1N1 flu has been affecting a younger age group than seasonal flu epidemics.The W.H.O. says pregnant women should take the antiviral drug Tamiflu as soon as possible after they show signs of illness. The drug is also called oseltamivir.The agency says treatment should begin immediately and not wait for the results of laboratory tests. The effect are greatest when given within forty-eight hours. But experts say the medicine could still do some good even if there is a delay.Since April,Casque Beats, more than one thousand deaths have been reported from the H1N1 virus, commonly called swine flu. But so far the virus has not shown itself to be more severe than seasonal flu.The World Health Organization has predicted that the H1N1 virus will infect at least two billion people in the next two years. Agency chief Margaret Chan has expressed concern there is not a good process in place to produce enough vaccine against the virus.In the United States, there are now guidelines for the use of H1N1 vaccine when it becomes available. An advisory committee of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said there are five groups that should be vaccinated first.These include pregnant women and people who live with or care for children younger than six months. They also include workers in health care and emergency services,欢乐的找礼物节,beats by dre, and people between six months and twenty-four years of age.The fifth group on the list is people twenty-five to sixty-four with chronic health problems.If vaccine supplies are limited, then the committee says two groups of children should be vaccinated before other children. One group is those who are six months to four years old. The other is those five to eighteen with chronic medical conditions.In April,Polo Ralph Lauren, after the first cases in the United States, officials told schools to close at the first sign of an H1N1 outbreak. The government later eased those warnings. Since then officials have been reported working on final guidelines for when schools should close.And that's the VOA Special English Health Report,mercurial vapor,　　&ldquo, written by Caty Weaver. For more health news,Casque Beats, go to 51voa.com. I'm Steve Ember.

04-29-2011, 05:35 AM

Tramadol - cure, stupefacient analgesics, belongs to the opioid receptor agonists. Possesses concentrated analgesic endeavour, provides a rapid and durable effect. Concedes, to whatever manner, the vim of morphine at the same dose (utilized in towering doses, respectively). Operative with the introduction into and parenterally.

Availability and usage

Tramadol is usually marketed as the hydrochloride salt (tramadol hydrochloride); the tartrate is seen on rare occasions, and rarely (in the US at least) tramadol is available for both injection (intravenous and/or intramuscular) and oral administration. The most well known dosing unit is the 50 mg generic tablet made by several manufacturers. It is also commonly available in conjunction with APAP (Paracetamol, Acetaminophen) as Ultracet, in the form of a smaller dose of 37.5 mg tramadol and 325 mg of APAP. The solutions suitable for injection are used in patient-controlled analgesia pumps under some circumstances, either as the sole agent or along with another agent such as morphine.

Tramadol comes in many forms, including:
*capsules (regular and extended release)
*tablets (regular, extended release, chewable, low-residue and/or uncoated tablets that can be taken by the sublingual and buccal routes)
*suppositories
*effervescent tablets and powders
*ampules of sterile solution for SC, IM, and IV injection
*preservative-free solutions for injection by the various spinal routes (epidural, intrathecal, caudal, and others)
*powders for compounding
*liquids both with and without alcohol for oral and sub-lingual administration, available in regular phials and bottles, dropper bottles, bottles with a pump similar to those used with liquid soap and phials with droppers built into the cap
*tablets and capsules containing (acetaminophen/APAP), aspirin and other agents.

Tramadol has been experimentally used in the form of an ingredient in multi-agent topical gels, creams, and solutions for nerve pain, rectal foam, concentrated retention enema, and a skin plaster (transdermal patch) quite similar to those used with lidocaine.

Tramadol has a characteristic and unpleasant taste which is mildly bitter but much less so than morphine and codeine. Oral and sublingual drops and liquid preparations come with and without added flavoring. Its relative effectiveness via transmucosal routes (i.e. sublingual, buccal, rectal) is similar to that of codeine, and, like codeine, it is also metabolized in the liver to stronger metabolites (see below).

The maximum dosage per day is 400 mg for oral use and 600 mg for parenteral use. Certain manufacturers or formulations have lower maximum doses. For example, Ultracet (37.5 mg/325 mg tramadol/APAP tablets) is capped at 8 tablets per day (300 mg/day) due to its acetaminophen content. Ultram ER is available in 100, 200, and 300 mg/day doses and is explicitly capped at 300 mg/day as well.

Patients taking SSRIs (Prozac, Zoloft, etc.), SNRIs (Effexor, etc.), TCAs, MAOIs, or other strong opioids (oxycodone, methadone, fentanyl, morphine), as well as the elderly (> 75 years old), pediatric (< 18 years old), and those with severely reduced renal (kidney) or hepatic (liver) function should consult their doctor regarding adjusted dosing or whether to use Tramadol at all.

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04-29-2011, 05:36 AM

04-29-2011, 06:27 AM