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Hom, 2004). According to government and media reports, most parachute kids come from Taiwan, followed by Korea, Hong Kong, and China. Smaller numbers of parachute kids come from other countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines (Hamilton, 1993a; Zhou, 19 ghd flat iron 98). While the term parachute kids is used throughout this chapter, it is important to recognize that other terms in English and Chinese are also used interchangeably to describe this population. In Taiwan, these minors are referred to as "little overseas students," or in Mandarin as "Hsiao Liu Hsue Sheng." Other descriptors such as "air-dropped children" have been coined due to the lack of care by parents while attending school abroad. Th e media has also used other phrases, including "parental dumping," or "child dumping" (Kim, 1998; Leung, 1998; Lin, 1998; ghd straighteners outlet Watanabe, 1989). "Unaccompanied minors" is also another common phrase used in academia to describe parachute kids (Kim, 1998; Leung, 1998; Lin, 1998). Another similar immigration phenomenon is the astronaut family. Th is refers to families whose head of household (usually the father) is living and working in the country of origin to pursue economic advantages, while the remaining family members settle in the host country. Children in these families are termed satellite children or satellite kids (Tsang, Irving, Alaggia, Chau, & Benjamin, 2003). Th e absent parent or the parent who returns to the home country is termed the astronaut, which is a derivative of the Chinese word taikongren, which can mean "a person who spends time in space" (Skeldon, 1994). Individuals ghd limited edition studying astronaut families have found that no other type of family is similar to the astronaut family arrangement. Some comparisons have been made and attempt to draw parallels to separated and divorced families; however, such comparisons neglected to take into account the immigration-related issues of the astronaut family (Alaggia, Chau, & Tsang, 2001). Astronaut families are also sometimes referred to as lone-parent families (Tsang et al., 2003), a term which <a href="http://www.monsterowner.com/monster-beats-studio-lamborghini-headphones-yellow-p-34.html"><strong>Monster Beats Studio Lamborghini Headphones </strong></a> is also not completely accurate, because while the parents are separated by geographical distance, there are regular communications and visitations, and the separation is temporary. History Prior to the Immigration Act of 1965, a relatively small number of unaccompanied minors found their way into the United States and were more like goal-directed foreign students who were "protected by a sense of purpose" (Kim, 1998). Aft er the 1965 Immigration Act, the United States saw a rapid growth in many Asian populations and the expansion of Asian communitie ghd flat iron s. In 1990, the U.S. government revised the Immigration of Act of 1965 to raise the number of immigrants and the number of professional immigrants in particular, which has also contributed to a rise in the overall Asian immigration fl ow (Min, 2006). Parachute Kids Among the young overseas students coming from Asian countries, those from Taiwan were the most noticeable and have gained a great deal of media attention in Taiwan (e.g., Cheng, 1991) and also in the United States (e.g., Hamilton, 1993a), due to the larger number of these students compared to those from other countries. From 1983 to 1993, more than 24,000 primary (elementary Parachute Kids and Astronaut Families . 367 school children) students and over 13,000 secondary (7th to 12th grade school children) students according to the Taiwanese educational system left Taiwan to attend school in the United States. Th e majority of these students remained in the United States until the completion of their undergraduate and graduate studies (Government Information Offi ce, 1995). A 1990 study by Helena Hwang and Teri Watanabe estimated that there were 40,000 Taiwanese unaccompanied minors ages 8 to 18 in the United States, with smaller numbers coming from Hong Kong and South Korea (Hamilton, 1993a). Josh Lin (1998) in his review of the l pink hair straighteners iterature, estimated there were about 30,000 students from Taiwan studying in the United States, but acknowledged that the data for the number of young Taiwanese overseas students is uncertain due to the lack of offi cial records available and the Taiwan government's policy against sending children abroad for basic education. Individuals have also estimated that the number of unaccompanied minors has increased signifi cantly since 1991 given the intensifi ed political unrest in Taiwan and Hong Kong (Cheng, 1998). Compared to the number of unaccompanied minors from Taiwan and Hong Kong, the num new ghd 2011 ber of students from China paled considerably (Jen, 1998). As for students from Korea, a former employee of the Korean Ministry of Education estimated in 1997 that 7,000 unaccompanied minors were enrolled in elementary and secondary schools in Southern California (c.f. Orellana, Th orne, Chee, & Lam, 2001). Min Zhou (1998) found that many ghd pure unaccompanied minors came as foreign students on F- 1 visas, and approximately one-third came with their entrepreneurial parents on B-2 visitor visas, which were later adjusted to F-1 status. A similar trend in visa status was also observed in Korean parachute kids (Orellana et al., 2001). Taiwanese children who go abroad for an overseas education are usually between the ages of 6 and 18, and ghd hair the majority of these students come from upper-middle-class or upper-class socioeconomic families (Lin, 1998). Astronaut Family While there is no data <a href="http://www.monsterowner.com/sennheiser-cx-400-ii-white-inear-headphones-p-12.html"><strong>Sennheiser CX 400 II White In-Ear Headphones </strong></a> on the number of astronauts in the United States, Ramona Alaggia and her colleagues (2001) estimate that 100,000 astronaut immigrants arrived in Canada between 1989 and 1993. Th e occurrence of such families is common enough for this term to be generally used in the Chinese community and to be noted in mainstream American news (Hudson, 1990). Purpose of Immigration Parachute Kids Most research on parents sending unaccompanied children to the United States found that parents' concern with education was the single most important reason and the main "push" factor in their decision to immigrate. Traditional Asian beliefs have been known to emphasize education as the key for social mobility, success, and distinction (Kim, 1998; Zhou, 1998). In many Asian countries, a college education is a much desired but out of reach goal for most high school graduates, due to the rigorous unif ghd iv straighteners i ed national examinations at both the high school and the college level (Zhou, 1998). For example, in the 18-year-old cohort, only 8% in Taiwan enrolled in college (Forden, 1990), compared to 30% in Japan and 50% in the United States (Shi, 1995). In Hong Kong, the college admissions ratio was only as high as 10% (Leung, 1998). In mainland China, only about 10% or 15% of senior secondary school graduates went to college (Th ogersen, 1990). In Korea, in preparing for university entrance, children oft en submit to a rigorous regime of study that may take them away from home for 15 hours each day (Kim, 1998). Th e China Times, a newspaper in Taiwan, conducted a telephone survey of 1,000 families in Taiwan in August 1991 and found that one out of fi ve families had thoughts of sending their children abroad for education (Cheng, 1991). 368 . Asian American Psychology In addition to pursuing education abroad, there were also other factors that motivated families to send their children to a new country. Th e political uncertainty in several Asian countries such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, a coloured Ghd Hair Straighteners nd South Korea has been a major push factor for parents wanting to send their chi ghd mk4 ldren to the United States (Kim, 1998; Leung, 1998; Lin, 1992). Th e fear and anxiety over Taiwan's relationship with China, the uncertainty of post-1997 Hong Kong, and unpredictable government policies in China, have pushed many wealthy families to choose parachuting as a strategy to protect the future of their children (Zhou, 1998). Parents in Taiwan and South Korea may have also wanted their sons to avoid the compulsory military services and for their daughters to take care of their younger brothers in the United States (Kim, 1998; Lin, 1998). Another push factor for Hong Kong parents that Alex Leung (1998) described was their desire to have their children separated from some of the bad infl uences in Hong Kong, such as the gang known as the "Triad Society." For some families, sending their children abroad to study seemed to be a "status symbol" that was indicative of upper socioeconomic class ghd mk4 straighteners standing (Leung, 1998). Lastly, Lin (1998) suggests that some Taiwanese parents may have chosen parachuting as part of an already planned immigration process for the family. If the parents needed to stay in Taiwan for family or business reasons, they may have wanted to send their children alone to the United States fi rst to adjust to the language and culture, before the parents were able to join them. Despite the many factors that prompt parents to send their children abroad, parents of parachute kids decide not to immigrate to the United States with their children due to circumstances that make it more compelling to stay in their countries of origin. Parents of parachute kids may have strong business or professional ties <a href="http://www.monsterowner.com/"><strong>Monster Beats Headphones</strong></a> in their countries of origin that provide the fi nancial stability that makes it possible for their children to be in the United States. Th ey may also need to stay and care for other family members. For these parents, parachuting their children is a way to provide them an education that promotes more critical and creative thinking (Rowe, 2006), and prepares them for entrance to U.S. universities, without having to emigrate from the country of origin themselves. Th ey oft en hope that their children would return to their home countries aft er being educated in the United States and gaining advantages in the global job market for being able to speak English fl uently compared to those who were educated in their countries of ghd hair straighteners best price origin (Rowe, 2006). Astronaut Family Similar to the parents of parachute kids, parents of the astronaut family share many reasons in their decision to have one parent stay in the country of origin while the rest of the family stays in the United States. Such factors included a desire for their children to pursue greater educational opportunities, escaping from a politically uncertain environment, and avoiding compulsory military services. However, more recently, with the booming economics of the East Asian countries, many fi rst-generation immigrants decided that the United States no longer off ered as many promising economic opportunities as in their home countries (Zhou, 1998). Additionally, for most of the middle-class or upper-middle-class
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