the Thirty Years War (1618 -1648) was a civil war by the Holy Roman Empire in Europe evolved in a large-scale international war. The war was competing interests of European countries to establish hegemony and play the product of religious disputes, the war in Bohemia against the Austrian Empire the people for the onset of Habsburg rule, and finally to the Habsburgs defeated and signed Manchester Westphalia Peace Treaty
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Czech Republic during the war war war clouds hanging over the background out of the window phase of a comprehensive anti-Austrian emperor, the event stage of Europe-wide counter-offensive against Aodan Mai Danish troops defeated the Swedish phase of the emperor again sent troops to counterattack Sweden Europe-wide melee stage Denmark, France sent troops to the war the French won the war to end the war the German division of the decline of France, Spain, the rise of independent Herui rise of tactical change in the Swedish Note: The background of the 13th century after the war, the Habsburg dynasty's Holy Roman Empire under the rule of the increasing decline of imperial power, princes states separatist rule the roost. Protestant (Lutheran, Calvinist) of the princes and profess Catholicism (Catholic) the princes in the competition for the site under cover of religious disputes,
cheap chi flat iron, and against the despotic emperor, and were grouped into . Strongly restrict Protestant activity Habsburg, for Catholicism to revive imperial imperial princes, and with the pope, Spain, and the support of the Polish nobility. France to dominate Europe in effort to maintain the division of Germany to support the Protestant princes against the imperial power; Denmark, Sweden and the Baltic Sea has long been coveted by the German territory and harbor; the Netherlands and Britain are reluctant to expand imperial power in northern Europe, the British also attempted to weaken Spain forces. These countries support the Protestant Union. Czech Republic 1618 uprising against the Habsburg dynasty, the fuse is the Thirty Years War. Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor (reigned 1612 ~ 1619) attempts in the Czech Republic (Bohemia) restored the Catholic, designated as the Czech King Ferdinand II. Ferdinand banned the religious activities of Protestants in Prague, the demolition of the church, and declared that those who participated in rallies for the Protestant mob. May 23,
chi pink dazzle, 1618, armed people rushed into the palace, the emperor's imperial cast into the trenches from the window, known as
War clouds hanging over the Thirty Years War
at the Charles V (1500-1558), the Holy Roman Empire gradually decline, relive in the state. Martin Luther was in 1517 in Europe, Catholic and Protestant factions. European powers to interfere in German affairs are in order to obtain benefits. They are divided into two factions, one group by the Austrian Habsburgs, Spain and Germany formed a Catholic vassal state, and with the support of the Pope, and Poland; and the other for the anti-Habsburg Group, from France, Denmark , Sweden, the Netherlands and the German Protestant princes formed the country, and with British, Russian support. France is a Catholic country, but under the auspices of the Prime Minister Richelieu, adhere to the throne higher than the divine right, to weaken the rival Habsburg dynasty on the mainland, decided to support the Protestant national camp. Habsburg allies during the war by the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs in the composition, and with the Roman Catholic Pope and the German princes and the support of Polish-Lithuanian Kingdom. Anti-Habsburg alliance by France, Sweden, Denmark, Republic of United Provinces (Netherlands) and the composition of the United Kingdom and Russia, and with the German Protestant princes and the Czech Republic, Transylvania, Italy's anti-Habsburg movement support. Thirty Years War between Protestants and Catholics are the religious war began, but then you lose the religious nature. It is capitalism and the bourgeoisie formed a far-reaching process of national reflection, and some European countries is the first bourgeois revolution (1566-1609 bourgeois revolution in the Netherlands ,1640-1660 years of British bourgeois revolution) closely linked. At that time, the Habsburg dynasty has become a bastion of reactionary forces in Europe and the decline of the feudal system of the defenders. It tried to seek hegemony in Europe, but was a German Protestant princes against the country. These forms of nobility joined the Austrian Habsburg rule so-called Rudolf II ascended the throne in 1576, Germany began persecuting Protestants. Catholics and Protestants during the conflict, the formation of two opposing political and military alliances: the Marquis of Frederick V of Palatinate led to the Protestant Union (1608) and to Duke Maximilian of Bavaria led the Catholic League ( 1609). Germany's domestic conflicts to the European powers to opportunity.
the Thirty Years War
France supports the Protestant Union, in order to establish hegemony around the country and prevent the Habsburgs in Germany to strengthen the status of the border kingdoms. Denmark seized in Germany in Schleswig and Holstein after the two states, but also tried the German occupation of the northern kingdoms. Sweden wants to become its own Baltic Sea Netherlands, Spain and Austria strongly weaken and make their own merchant fleet in the old Hanseatic trade routes (see Hanseatic League) on the access control. Britain opposes the Habsburgs and the North Sea in the north-west of Germany to strengthen forces, while not all countries want a strong anti-Habsburg alliance; its interests in Europe and the Near East,
Chi dazzle flat iron, including relations with the Ottoman Empire, and France interests conflict. Although the Ottoman Empire did not participate in the Thirty Years War, but they expect to use this war to consolidate its position in the Balkans. Be seen as a Russia,
chi pink dazzle hair straightener, Poland and Lithuania to the Kingdom of the war in Poland for the recovery of Russia's armed intervention in Sweden (seventh century) was the Polish-Lithuanian Kingdom, during the occupation of the territory. The eve of the outbreak of the Thirty Years War, the opposing sides are a standing mercenary, the total strength of up to 2.5-5 million people. The military establishment, divided into brigades and groups. Although they are well trained, but the discipline and fighting qualities are poor. Swiss Army by King Gustav II Adolf reorganization, fighting a strong, free farmers and the public from the powerful army the backbone of this nation. It is equipped with light artillery and muskets (paper shell), these weapons are characterized by high rate of fire. Swiss army infantry musketeers accounted for 2 / 3, Lancer 1 / 3, the armed forces of other countries and vice versa. In order to give full play to the power of Buji gun fire, the infantry and cavalry Gustav Adolf the depth of the original configuration into a 3-6 series cross-team formation. Sweden and other countries in military field artillery from the light and heavy artillery companies, and acts. Rui Junping were 5-12 per thousand doors equipped with artillery, and troops of other countries with a gun only 4-5 per thousand door. 1618 war was sparked off by the Bohemian (now Czech Republic) people against the Holy Roman Empire's national and religious uprising. The whole war is divided into four stages, namely the Czech phase (1618 -1624), the Danish phase (1625 -1629), the Swedish phase (1630 -1635) of the melee stages and all of Europe (1636 -1648), the last to defeat Habsburg Group, war countries in 1648 signed the Czech stage events
thrown out the window out of the window event
Bohemia in 1526 into the Holy Roman Empire, since then, King of Bohemia from the Holy Roman Emperor concurrently. 1617, Holy Roman Emperor Matthias sent into the Bohemian Jesuits, the Catholic revival in Bohemia intent, and the appointment of Ferdinand Habsburg royal family as King of Bohemia, Fiji Dinan is a fervent Catholic, his Bohemian large-scale persecution of Protestants, and Protestant religious activities prohibited, the demolition of their church. So in May 23, 1618, the Protestants of Bohemia in Prague uprising, broke into the palace, the Holy Roman Emperor from the window into the two imperial moat, is to throw out the window incident, and the establishment of interim government by thirty members, announced the independence of Bohemia. Comprehensive anti-Austrian June 1619 Bingzhi Bohemian rebels into the suburbs of Vienna, the capital of the Habsburg dynasty, and has succeeded to the throne with the then Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II negotiations. Ferdinand forced the situation on the false promise in the negotiations on the surface, in fact, the Catholic League for help in secretly and agreed to in the future Elector of the Palatinate title transferred to Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria, in return for Catholic League troops to help. Soon, the Catholic League that sent troops to twenty-five thousand people, sponsored by Holy Roman Emperor and a lot of money. August forced the rebels to return to the Bohemian, and Bohemian Parliament also elected a Protestant of the month Palatinate Elector Frederick V, King of Bohemia. Emperor counterattack
the Thirty Years War
as the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand, of course can not tolerate self-elected Bohemian king, so after the lifting of the siege of Vienna, sent troops to counterattack immediately, and the Catholic League Spain also sent troops to attack one of the Palatinate. November 8, 1620, Bohemia, and the Battle of White Mountain Palatinate and the coalition forces in the command of Count Tilly Catholic allies battle, although coalition forces occupied location, but poorly equipped, and finally defeated by Catholic allies, peroneal Frederick V was forced to flee the Netherlands, and Bohemia is back into the Holy Roman Empire. Bohemian landlords of the land about three quarters of the Holy Roman Empire fell into the hands of landlords. The Holy Roman Emperor of Bohemia more people forced to convert to Catholicism, and burned the books of Bohemia, and announced that German is the official language of Bohemia. 1621-1623, Tilly Protestant princes once again beat the Palatinate army. Thus the first phase of the war - the Czech stage, represented by the Catholic Habsburg royal family to win allies to end. Denmark, Europe-wide anti-phase phase of the war although Aojie Ke ended, but France and the Habsburg Empire can not be tolerated during the revival of Charles V; and the Netherlands and Spain in the 1621 war, thus not yet over. King James I were worried that their son Frederick V, Elector Palatinate fate; Denmark and Sweden do not want to see the Holy Roman Emperor once again in the national implementation of effective rule. Therefore, have only Bohemia oppressed people against the Holy Roman Empire, the uprising turned into a broad international war war. In 1625, French Prime Minister Richelieu proposed Britain, the Netherlands and Denmark to form anti-Habsburg alliance, Denmark is responsible for sending troops, while Britain and the Netherlands is behind the scenes support, the second phase of this war - launched the Danish stage. Denmark sent troops to
the Thirty Years War
1625 年 Protestant King Christian IV of Denmark in the UK, France and the Netherlands with the support of the three coalition with the Protestant Holy Roman Emperor to attack and soon occupied the northwest of Germany, while the British, led by the Mansfield occupation of Bohemia is the western. The Protestant coalition can be said to steadily win, but in 1628, Holy Roman Emperor hired prominent Bohemian aristocratic Wallenstein's mercenaries, Wallenstein live up to its look, was defeated that year in April Mansfield and later defeated Denmark, and took control of Saxony. Denmark was forced in May 1629 and Holy Roman Emperor signed the The second phase of the war to the forces of Holy Roman Emperor extended to the Baltic Sea ended. Sweden stages of the second phase of the Swedish troops war won by the Holy Roman Empire after Wallenstein has plans to build a strong fleet of the Baltic Sea, the King of Sweden will be afraid of the Holy Roman Empire from beyond Sweden, achieved its dominant position in the Baltic Sea. Therefore, financial assistance in France, Sweden, the troops in July 1630, landing in Pomerania, which began the third stage of the war - Sweden stage. Emperor defeated the Thirty Years War
Swedish army led by King Gustav II Adolf, and the Saxon Elector of Brandenburg and the joint, in the September 17, 1631, in cloth赖滕费尔德 battle to defeat the Holy Roman Empire's army, the occupation of Pomerania. Early 1632, the military commander of the Holy Roman Empire Count Tilly was killed in the defeat of Lech River, the Swedish army occupied Mainz in April and then fell to Augsburg and Munich. Holy Roman Emperor in that despite the critical occasion, only use the original has been denounced again the Wallenstein as commander in chief, in November of that year with the Swedish Army Battle Lu Cen, but won again in Sweden, but Sweden coach Gus Army Taft II, the king has died, the loss of offensive military capacity from Sweden, while Wallenstein of Bohemia is back, and later Holy Roman Emperor because they were jealous of the guess, was the assassin sent to assassinate. Holy Roman Emperor counterattack again take this opportunity to joint the Spanish allies, in September 1634, Sweden defeated in the Battle of Na Delin roots army to force the military to withdraw the Baltic coast of Sweden. Saxony and Brandenburg were in May 1635 and Holy Roman Emperor signed the The third stage of war - the Swedish stage victory ended the Habsburg emperor. France sent troops to Europe-wide melee stage win again so the Habsburg royal family shocked the French, after the French because of their own is a Catholic country, has been only a guise to weaken his country the strength of the Habsburg royal family, but Denmark, Sweden and the sacred Protestant princes of the Roman Empire have failed, the French finally send troops directly, jointly with the Swedish Habsburg operations. Since then, the fourth stage of the war - Europe-wide melee phase. France won in 1636 -1637, Spain sent troops to France, and the Holy Roman Empire from the north and south two pincer attack, and was advancing to the French capital Paris, but in the end defeated by French forces. August 1638 the world-famous French naval defeat of the Spanish Navy, Spanish Navy in October 1639 had even been the main force of unknown nationality Dutch nationality navy wiped out. May 1643, the fourth generation on behalf of Prince and Di Leina hole in the common battle Rock Croix defeated the Spanish Army's main. Denmark entered the war in November 1642, the Swedish army in 布赖滕费尔德 defeated the Holy Roman Empire again, but this time the Danish king became jealous of the results of the Swedish army, and after a strong fear of Sweden, Denmark, by their system, so by Sweden Army scored Süddeutsche the occasion to declare war on Sweden. Denmark had defeated Sweden and the Netherlands in 1644 the combined fleet, but its been re-established Houdan Mai Ruihe naval fleet to wipe out the joint. After three years (1643 -1645) of war, the military success of the Swedish press on from both sea and Denmark, the Danish truce force summation. End of the war in March 1645, the Swedish army in Bohemia defeated the Holy Roman Empire,
chi pink dazzle limited edition, and the French army and in August the Battle of the Nalin root of the Holy Roman Empire forces defeated, the Holy Roman Emperor, the majority of the German territory occupied. 1648, the Franco-Swiss again in the two forces at the Battle of Reims Smarth Stockhausen and win in the Battle of the Holy Roman Empire. But the fight to this point, the two sides have been wrangling, the results in October of that year the two sides reached a settlement agreement, the conclusion of the two peace - Peace of Westphalia As the German war-divided Germany is the main battlefield of the Thirty Years War, the economy has been devastated, and the vassal state of the cession of the territory after the war drive, its internal division becomes irreversible, indirectly became the Holy Roman Empire existed in name only. He Rui independence after the war, the independence of the Netherlands and Switzerland are protected, and the Netherlands more new maritime supremacy. Spain Spain in the war regardless of the decline of marine or naval divisions lost,
CHI Pink Dazzle Flat Iron, and began to lose power first-class status in Europe. The rise of the French in the war, France has made Alsace and Lorraine, and won the European hegemony. King of Sweden made the rise of Sweden's Baltic coast of Germany large tracts of land, and thus become a vassal of Germany, you can always intervene in the internal affairs of Germany. And Sweden also received five million Duka Deng's claims, and has since became the Nordic power. Asian countries to change tactics in the war, the introduction of conscription and the establishment of a standing army with logistics systems, the military can be a protracted war. Army has gradually streamlined to meet the requirements of maneuver warfare; Swedish King Gustav II of the military reform, that is to replace the spear guns soldiers soldiers, first to be concentrated artillery fire attack, then sent out to conduct surprise cavalry Finally, to clean up the enemy by the three-stage infantry tactics, then become a standard tactic of war. Note: Charles V: Holy Roman Emperor. South King Ferdinand of Spain and King 后伊沙贝拉 their daughter Juana married a Hapsburg family, Philippe, Juana and Philip's son Charles would later inherit the Kingdom of Spain (for Charles), Spain in the Americas and Italy (Sardinia, Sicily, Naples), and a colony of the hereditary Habsburg territories in Central Europe (including Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Carney Oka States and tiro four public Seoul State); In addition, Charles's grandmother, Mary of Burgundy Burgundy turn the vast territory (including the Franche-Comté, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the developed industrial and commercial) to him. Then, he ignored the strong opposition of Britain and France, was elected in 1519 to accept blatant, so the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, said. Atlas Atlas entry for more extended reading: 1
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