- Salt ammonia when you queried the human of Beijing for the greenhouse efficacy, universal warming, his sensibilities Huo, some people may mention, amplify, not only the global air ambition convert build up promiscuous tinkling follow, Hai ocean water class gradually additional,
ghd nz, merely too the tinkling Lu Mi district was beyond diluted. So you can develop a clean-burning, carbon-industrial product of chemicals can be replaced with polluting of Shi fuel apt cut down the process of global warming, sour rain and urban atmosphere fog Huo, has been a prerogative.
So distant, research tinkling more Huo quite efficient use of clean fuel vehicles are only two: the hydrogen fuel Huo Chi Xu rechargeable power cell. But later decades of research, should be considered the production of their large-Yu Huo warmhearted used today, there are still some of Qiong problems. Therefore, the publish of clean fuel vehicles with the status quo, one is global warming, smog, acid rain, and so the problem appears pressing absence Jiao clean fuel to replace oil is now warmhearted used in Shi; the additional hand, people expect lusty The hydrogen Huo electric car market is hobbled so long period can not Deng field. In this circumstance, people began to look toward additional areas. Among them, the anhydrous ammonia as a potential Salt clean vehicle fuel research, technology began to receive care.
now extensive use of fuel, can be broadly teamed as the biological source of fuel, of Shi fuel, electricity, and the voice is Hao's hydrogen fuel. Which hydrogen is considered to be an ideal clean fuel. But after decades of research and evolution, large-Yumi used in automotive and other small vehicles, which were incapable to accomplish, so people still referred to as the hydrogen fuel for the future.
as a chemical product, the hydrogen in ammonia, methanol Huoshi large measure of oil refining; in fine chemical production, metallurgy Huo hydrogenation of vegetable oil and other industrial raw materials is also important Jiao one. In increase, water gas, rocket fuel Huo space station re-Jiao fuel cells are able to supply components. And means of transport used in the possibility of large-Yu has recently put on the programme. However, due to the price of fuel relating weakness of Shi, coupled with hydrogen Ben are in the physical properties of features such as easy arsenal Huo transport, the use must be made Hao degree of compression of the gas, Salt-state metal hydride Geche hydride. Hao oppression of hydrogen on metal containers reasoned along leakage of hydrogen embrittlement phenomena Huo is an exceedingly easy to difficult problems; Salt-state hydrogen boiling point-25oC, so the hydrogen itself is a Salt of the Tao Hao energy-consuming process; metal hydrides may be more appropriate for hydrogen storage materials for use in vehicles, some alloy Huo intermetallic compounds (such as LaNi5, FeTi, etc.) can be sponged and stored in the hydrogen atom in the gap, but Shi Hai Jiao paired with the use of a heating device. So Jiao absence to apply to vehicle power, the above solution of these problems have Qiong. the nature of ammonia
Salt
compare, Salt ammonia in these areas than compressed hydrogen. Can be stored in cylinders, also based in Salt beneath pressure, can also be used cylinders, pipes, tanks and other parties Chi transport. Ammonia is produced by large-Yu chemical products, widely used in fertilizers, nitric acid, artificial fibers (nylon Huo nylon) Huo thermoplastic plastics and other industries. So people yet know it, the entire issue of E is relatively easy to solve.
the ideas of people in common, ammonia is not flammable. Under natural circumstances, this outlook is broadly correct. In fact, oxygen Ge ammonia in the air is burning, when it reaches a definite concentration limit, or even an burst. But Huo hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuel components of Shi compared Jiaoe entire tinkling more. But because of the ecology of ammonia,
UGG Boots, when ammonia as fuel, the engine have to be re-designed into the Zhi.
Recovery of ammonia oxidation of Ge should scald in, and Recovery as a fuel to be narrated to the chief Jiao of the retinue three:
4NH3 + 3O2 - → 2N2 + 6H2O (1)
4NH3 + 5O2 - → 4NO + 6H2O (2)
4NH3 + 6NO - → 5N2 + 6H2O (3)
Recovery should be (1) is the combustion of ammonia in the air when Recovery should be the main Jiao, Recovery should be (2) Although ammonia fuel in the exhaust test machine only a small percentage,
UGG Boots, but NOx are air pollutants, should be the use of Recovery (3) be removed. Can be used to boost the fuel mixture in the percentage of Ge ammonia catalytic converter equipped with the right to be addressed.
from the energy density (kJ / L) point of view, hydrocarbon fuel for the 2-3 × 104 kJ / L, ammonia Huo hydrogen in the 1 × 104 kJ / L all but. Therefore, the motor fuel, the hydrocarbon fuel has manifest avails, not only that, in the afford, and amounts, has its advantages. However, the energy density of hydrogen or ammonia Huo ample, more major Jiao is that they are vehicles with neat fuel.
Salt advantages and disadvantages of ammonia as a fuel
actual use of ammonia as a fuel is not a current mind, from the 1930s along, CA on the one after the published literature related to this issue ,
ghd Australia, which Bao including ammonia fuel for internal combustion engine research, but is pure ammonia removal Pearsall fuel, other work mostly on a mixture of ammonia, hydrogen fuel Huo test results. These studies signify that ammonia combustion Duo is greater, must be another Zhi dedicated internal combustion engine devise, otherwise there is no hope. 1970s, the United States University of Tennessee Hodgson Huo his students designed the car with ammonia as fuel in a design marathon champions, to take this concept may be the only successful sample of tinkling. At the same time, he ammonia fuel. Recovery should be consist in ...:
4NH3 + 12OH - - → 2N2 + 12H2O + 12e-(4)
3O2 + 6H2O + 12e-- → 12OH - (5)
Total Recovery should be: 4NH3 + 3O2-→ 2N2 + 6H2O (6)
ammonia is oxidized to nitrogen Huo water; air in the cathodic abatement of oxygen into hydrogen and oxygen Xie baby. Battery of emf 0.37V. However, in this device Jiao secondhand platinum black for catalyst. However, this apparatus may be used in motorcars namely not necessarily the reality of ammonia directly to the interior combustion engine than the possibility of colossal, simply because the stamina efficiency of fuel compartments as Hao than heat, so the research has been in the Hao fewer than enthusiastic.
Huo of Shi fuel and hydrogen fuels, ammonia has a excellent advantage, the new market price (as a fuel, the fuel tax and other reasons, will be slightly Hao by far) of petrol is roughly 1 / 3; gas 1 / 2; H 1 / 2. Price efficiency (kJ / $) on the hydrogen slightly Hao, broadly in line with gasoline, natural gas, prefer.
all in terms of E, Wu first should be mentioned is that ammonia is the maximum usually used fuel in a noxious corrosive Huo; the other hand, it is the large number of chemical production one of the people (especially planters) in ammonia production, storage, transmission treatment, and Huo has a plot Gui Feng rich experience. Salt ammonia, atmospheric ammonia Huo Salt dissolved ammonia burns of the rind, the concentration of ammonia in> 400ppm will cause caustic respiratory omens. Fortunately, people felt the air of the ammonia concentration is low, the 20-53ppm about early observation. Now have a dedicated disguise ammonia.
ammonia on bronze, zinc and their alloys are corrosion Huo, Huo alloy steel but can be used to store ammonia (to discourage stress corrosion, and Salt Ammonia tom often have not less than 0.2% water). Although Salt ammonia plastic rubber Huo aging effects have not been skillful to decide the Hun all, all for the E terms, when you can replace iron and aluminum when Huo, Huo rubber should attempt to avoid using plastic.
ammonia burn quite slowly, it Huo Huo air mixture is not accessible kindled material, ignition by 650oC or so; launch in the air in the lowest limit is 15.5% (V / V), hydrocarbon fuel than hydrogen Huo Jiao Hao tinkling extra. When a leak is not Zhen, Recovery and less hazard of bombard, not to mention because ammonia lightly soluble in water, it will not be variant potential greenhouse gases. Value tinkling Ta think that, due to problems derived ammonia container with ammonia fuel-powered cars would be Ben heaviness, there Qiong solve this problem. So it still belongs to the account of future automotive fuels.
brown or green ammonia ammonia?
there is a problem that must be questioned, namely, the hydrogen of ammonia with the sources of raw materials. If you get busy coal, nevertheless as Ben than electrolysis low tinkling of numerous, as the former Che's main Jiao-products are CO2,
Moncler Jackets, air pollution is still the problem, so the way to the tinkling of hydrogen known as by this hydrogen-tinkling of ammonia also will be called Electrolytic hydrogen can be Such as hydropower, air energy Tai Ge solar energy as a driving coerce, the hydrogen Huo ammonia on are Therefore, the development of ammonia fuel Jiao readiness should be addressed green hydrogen, because it is water Huo Jiao wind resource development by Die domain constraints, so the Yang Tai has very important to the development of Yi Yi Jiao.
nitrogen is not cozy to restore, but you can reinstate the electrochemical usage to make it into ammonia. Shilov so that V (Ⅱ) in Mg +2 Huo OH - presence of temperature> 70oC ashore the cathode can be reduced to ammonia nitrogen:
12V (OH) 2 + 2N2 + 12H2O - → 12V (OH) 3 + NH3 (7)
tom had on the cathode of the electrochemical reduction, V (OH) 2 can be recycled:
12V (OH) 3 + 12e-- → 12V (OH) 2 + 12OH - (8)
anode, there are by-products of oxygen produced:
12OH - - → 3O2 + 6H2O + 12e - (9)
General Recovery should be: 2N2 + 6H2O + energy - → 4NH3 + 3O2 (10)
This is a potential value of ammonia by tinkling green chemical methods, and is one step.
main Jiao parameters Ta literature:
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