Nanotechnology

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nanotechnology (nanotechnology) is a single atom, molecular manufacturing materials science and technology. Nano Science and Technology is a lot of advanced science and technology as the foundation of modern science and technology, it is modern science (chaos physics, quantum mechanics, mesoscopic physics, molecular biology) and modern technology (computer technology, microelectronics and scanning tunneling microscopy nuclear analytical techniques) combined with the product, nano science and technology in turn trigger a series of new science and technology, such as nanoelectronics, nano-materials science, nano mechanics and so on.
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Introduction to the concept of classification outlined the contents of the history of technology research and application layer measurement technique failure detection of physical and mechanical properties of the particle preparation process technology physical methods of nano chemical synthesis of DNA genetic material in biological Brain Function Research assembly bionics About Nano Science and Technology, sometimes referred to as nano-technology, is to study the structure size from 0.1 to 100 nm range of materials properties and applications. Scanning tunneling microscope invented in 1981, after the birth of a length of 0.1 to 100 nanometers for the use of molecular nanotechnology will be the world
xenon atoms lined up IBM
sector, its ultimate goal is to direct the atoms or molecules to construct products with specific functions. Therefore, nanotechnology is a matter of fact a single atom, molecule range of material technologies. Nanotechnology is a highly integrated cross-discipline research covering the broad field of modern technology. Nano Science and Technology include: nano-system physics, nano-chemistry, nano-materials, nano-biology, nano-electronics, nano-processing science, nano-mechanics. The seven relatively independent subjects of mutual penetration and nano materials, nano-devices, nano-scale detection and characterization of the three fields of study. Preparation and study of nano-materials are the basis for nanotechnology. Which,skechers women, nano-physics and nano-chemistry is the theoretical basis of nanotechnology, but nanoelectronics is the most important elements of nanotechnology. Classification from the date of the concept of view, on the concept of nanotechnology is divided into three types: first, in 1986 Dr. Drexler American scientists According to this concept, the machine can make the practical combination of elements, which can be any combination of all types of molecules that can produce any kind of molecular structure. This concept has not yet made significant progress in nanotechnology. The second concept of the nano-technology positioned as a micro-processing technology to the limit. That is, through nano-precision Such nano-processing technology, but also about the semiconductor miniaturization limit. Even existing technologies develop, in theory, will eventually reach the limits, because, if the circuit line width becomes smaller, will constitute the circuit becomes very thin insulating film, which will damage insulation. In addition, issues such as fever and shaking. In order to solve these problems, researchers are studying a new type of nano-technology. The third concept is from the biological point of view put forward. Originally, the biological membrane in the cells and nanoscale within the existing structure. DNA molecular computer, cell biology computer development, to become an important part of nano-biotechnology. Technical Overview In 1993, the First International Nanotechnology Conference (INTC) held in the United States, will nanotechnology be divided into 6 major divisions: nano-physics, nano-biology, nano-chemistry, nano-electronics, nano-processing technology and nano-metrology to promote the development of nanotechnology. As the special nature of the technology, and extensive magic, attracting many of the best scientists around the world have worked for hard work. Nanotechnology generally refers to nanometer (0.1 A 100nm) of the materials, design, manufacture, measurement, control, and product technology. Nanotechnology include: nano-measurement techniques: physical and mechanical properties of nano-surface detection techniques: nano-processing technology; Nanoparticles technology; nano-materials; nano-biological technologies; nano-assembly technology. Inspired by the history of nanotechnology, from the late physicist Richard Feynman's 1959, entitled The time university professor at Caltech Professor colleagues proposed a new idea. From the Stone Age, humans from the ground to the tip of the arrow all the chip lithography techniques, are trimmed away with a one-time integration of hundreds of millions of atoms, or in order to make a useful form of the relevant material. Feynman asks, Why can not we start from another angle, from single molecules or even atoms begin to be assembled to meet our requirements? He said: , nano-technology has made a key breakthrough. They used a device called the scanning probe 35 slowly moving atoms to their respective positions, formed three letters IBM. This card Mingfan Man is correct, two letters do not add up to three nanometers in length. Soon, scientists not only to manipulate individual atoms, but also to Growth outside the extended use of molecular beam techniques, scientists have learned to create a special crystal thin film method, each time only to create a layer of molecules. Currently, the manufacture of computer hard disk read-write head is the technology used.
Richard Feynman
famous physicist and Nobel Prize winner Richard Feynman predicted that human beings can make a small machine smaller machines, and finally into the human intention in accordance , arranged one by one atom, manufactured products, which is the dream of the earliest on nanotechnology; 70 years, scientists have put forward from different perspectives on the concept of nanotechnology in 1974, scientists Tangniguqi term describes the first use of nanotechnology, precision machinery processing; 1982, scientists invented an important tool for nanotechnology research - scanning tunneling microscope, a visible for us to reveal the atomic, molecular world, the development of nanotechnology has had a positive role in promoting; July 1990, the first international nano-science technical meeting held in Baltimore, marking the official birth of nano science and technology; 1991, carbon nanotube was discovered, its quality is the same one-sixth of the volume of steel, the intensity is 10 times that of steel into nanotechnology research focus, the Nobel Prize winner Professor Smalley, Carbon fiber is the best material of choice for the future, AMD will also be widely used in wires, switches, and nano-micro electronic circuits, etc.; 1993 Following the removal of Stanford University in 1989, radical successful write word and increased storage capacity thousands of times more than it is now the quantum computer; 1999, the Brazilian and U.S. scientists conducting experiments carbon nanotubes invented the world's smallest objects, which is equivalent to the weight of a virus; Shortly thereafter, German scientists developed the atomic weight of an individual to weigh scales, broke the American and Brazilian scientists jointly created the record; to 1999, gradually moving towards nano-technology market,skechers shoes, the annual turnover based on nano-products reached 500 billion U.S. dollars; recent years, some countries have to develop strategies or plans, invested heavily in nanotechnology to seize the strategic high ground. Japan set up Nano-Materials Research Center, the nano-technology in a new 5-year basic plan for science and technology research and development priorities; Germany specially set up nanotechnology research network; United States nano program as the core of the next industrial revolution, the U.S. government departments will be based on nanotechnology research investment from 116 million in 1997 dollars to 497 million in 2001. Technical content of nano-technology includes the following four main areas: 1, nano-materials: When the material to the nanometer scale after about space in the range 0.1-100 nm, material properties of mutation occurs, there are special properties. Unlike the original, which are composed of atoms, molecules, also different from the macroscopic properties of the material composition of the particular material, namely, nano-materials. If only reach nanometer scale, and no special properties of materials, nano materials can not be called. In the past, people only pay attention to atoms, molecules, or space, often ignore the middle of the field, and this area is actually abundant in nature, but not previously recognized that the performance of the scales. The first real recognition of its performance and the concept of reference is the Nano Japanese scientists, who in the 20th century with 70 micro ion evaporation method and found its performance through research: a conductivity, thermal conductivity of copper, silver conductor made After the nano scale, it lost its original character, showing neither conductive nor heat. The same is true of magnetic materials, like iron cobalt alloy, make it about the size of 20-30 nm, it becomes a single magnetic domain magnetic domain, it is 1000 times higher than the original magnetic properties. The mid-80s, people officially named as nano-materials such material. Why do magnetic domains into a single magnetic domain, magnetic than 1000 times the original raise it? This is because the individual magnetic domains is not very regular arrangement of atoms, while the middle is a single atomic nucleus, is the electron around its outer electron spin, which causes the formation of magnetism. However, after becoming a single magnetic domain, a single atomic arrangement very regular, external display with a powerful magnetism. This feature is mainly used for manufacturing micro motor. If the technology to a certain time, for the manufacture of magnetic levitation, can produce faster, more stable, more energy-efficient high-speed train. ⒉, nano-dynamics, mainly micro-mechanical and micro-motor, or a total referred to as micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS), micro-machine for a drive sensors and actuators, optical fiber communication systems, special electronic equipment, medical and diagnostic equipment, etc. . using a similar integrated electrical design and manufacturing of new technology. Part is characterized by small, often require the depth of etching tens to hundreds of micrometers, while the width of the error is small. This process can also be used to produce three-phase motors for super fast centrifuges or gyro and so on. But also in research to detect the corresponding quasi-atomic-scale and micro-friction micro-deformation. Although they have not yet really entered the nanometer scale, but there is great potential scientific value and economic value. Theory: can micro-motor and detection technology to nanometer scale. 3, nano-biology and nano-pharmacology, as in the mica surface of colloidal gold nanoparticles fixed dna degree of the particles in the silica surface of the fork-shaped electrode that the interaction between biological molecules to do the test, phospholipid and fatty acid double flat biofilm, dna fine structure. With nanotechnology, self-assembly method can also be used in the cell into parts or components that constitute the new material. New drugs, even micron powder particles, but also about half is insoluble in water; However, if the particles are nano-scale (ie, ultrafine particles), can be dissolved in water. Nano-biology to a certain technology, nano-materials can be used with the recognition of nano-biological cells and cancer cells can absorb the bio-medicine, into the human body, can be used for targeted killing cancer cells. (The above is the old money filling) 4, nano-electronics, including those based on quantum effects of nano-electronic devices, nano-structure of the optical / electrical properties of nano-electronic materials characterization, and manipulation of atoms and atomic assembly. Requirements of the current trends in electronics devices and systems smaller, faster, cooler, smaller, faster is the response. Colder is the smaller the power consumption of a single device. But smaller is not without limits. Nanotechnology is the builder's final frontier, its impact will be enormous. The current research and application of nanotechnology research and application, mainly in materials and preparation, microelectronics and computer technology, medicine and health, aerospace and aviation, environment and energy, biotechnology and agricultural products and so on. Nano-materials with lighter equipment, hardness stronger, longer life, lower maintenance,skechers outlet, design and more convenient. Use of nano-materials can also produce the specific nature of the material or material that does not exist in nature, produce biological materials and biomimetic materials. 1 nanometer is a unit of measurement geometry, 1 nm = millionth of a millimeter. 2, nano-technology-driven technology revolution. 3, made using nanotechnology drugs can block the blood vessels, 4, if the nano-satellite integrated devices, the satellite will be smaller and easier to launch. 5, nanotechnology is a multi-science integrated, some goals will require long and hard to achieve. 6, nanotechnology and information science and technology, life science and technology is the mainstream of current scientific development, which will enable the development of human society, living environment and science and technology itself is better. Measurement technology, including nano-scale measurement techniques: nano-precision measurement of the size and displacement, measurement of nanoscale surface topography. Nano-measurement technology has two main direction of development. The first optical interferometric techniques, it is the use of light interference fringes to improve the measurement resolution, the measurement methods are: dual-frequency laser interferometry, optical heterodyne interferometry, X-ray interferometry, F a P standard tools such measurements can be used for accurate measurement of length and displacement can also be used for the surface micro topography measurement. Second, measurement of scanning probe microscopy techniques (STM), the basic principle is based on quantum mechanical tunneling effect, its principle is to use a very sharp probe (or a similar method) to scan the surface under test (probe and does not actually touch the measured surface), with three-dimensional nano-positioning system to detect the displacement of the three-dimensional micro-dimensional surface topography. Mainly used to measure the surface morphology and size. Principle of measurement with this method: scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), atomic significant emblem mirror (AFM) and so on. Failure detection layer of physical and mechanical properties of the thin surface layer of various materials, the physical, chemical, mechanical and material properties within the often very different. And it is this very thin surface materials in Hong rub wear and tear, physical, chemical, mechanical behavior plays a leading role. Reflected in the current optical performance, but also require good lubrication, the friction is small, wear resistance, chemical resistance, organizational stability and excellent mechanical properties. Therefore, the world attach great importance to the surface of nano-scale materials physics, chemistry, mechanical properties and detection method. Physical and mechanical properties of nano-surface detection methods are mainly the side surface inspection nanoindentation method, it is the principle of nano-indentation testing its mechanical properties. The basic principle is to use diamond tip with a small force in the specimen surface extrusion indentation nano-or micro-level, measured according to the size of the indentation specimen mechanical properties of the surface of the emblem was that the probe tip continuously recorded load and unload pressure gradually phase out the whole process of the specimen surface indentation depth. Which contains the specimen surface due to the flexibility of cross-shaped, plastic deformation, Shan change, strain rate and other information, the information measured by a number of mechanical properties of surface materials. Nanometer processing technology to process the meaning of nanometer precision processing technology. Since the distance between the original 0.1 on a 0.3nm, nanofabrication is to cut off the substance of the combination of atoms to achieve the removal of atoms or molecules,shape up shoes, with the Ru atoms off the energy to be bound to require more than the substance of the atoms binding energy, which can be broadcast on the t-density is very large. The traditional cutting, grinding method to nano-scale processing very difficult. Nanofabrication in recent years has been a great breakthrough, such as electron beam lithography (UGA technology) processing of ultra large scale integrated circuits, can achieve 0.1μm line width of processing: plasma etching can achieve micron-and nano-surface materials to In addition: Scanning Tunneling technology can achieve significant emblem of the removal of a single atom, twisting to move, add and atomic reorganization. Preparation of nano particles in many ways particles can be divided into physical methods and chemical methods. Physical Methods of clothing made of nano-technology grant vacuum cooling method: vacuum evaporation, heating, high frequency induction methods such as gasification or the formation of particles of raw materials the body, and then quenching. Characterized by high purity, crystal structure and good, bit level control, but requires high technology and equipment.
nanotechnology applications - computer disk
physical crushing method: through mechanical grinding, spark explosion obtained nanoparticles. Characterized by simple, low cost, but the purity of low grain yield,skechers shoes online, grain along the uneven distribution. Mechanical ball milling: milling methods used to control the appropriate conditions are pure elements, alloys or composite materials, nano-particles. Characterized by simple, low cost, but the product of low purity, particle size distribution is uneven. Chemical vapor deposition method: the use of the chemical reaction of metal compound vapor synthesis of nanomaterials. Characterized by high purity and narrow particle size distribution. Precipitation method: the precipitating agent added to the salt solution after the reaction, the precipitation heat treatment of nano materials. Which is characterized by simple, but the low purity, particle radius, suitable for the preparation containing compounds.
nanotechnology made clothing
hydrothermal method: high pressure and temperature in water or steam and other fluids in the synthesis, separation and heat treatment was then by nano-particles. Characterized by high purity, dispersion, and easy to control degree of tension. Sol-gel method: metal compounds by solution, sol, gel and cure, and then disheartened by the low heat generated nanoparticles. Characterized by reactive species and more uniform the particles, the process easy to control, for oxides and 11 Preparation of a compound VI. Emblem emulsion method: two: immiscible solvent in the role of surfactant emulsion formed in the bubble in the emblem by the nucleation, coalescence, agglomeration, nanoparticles obtained after heat treatment. Characterized by single-particle dispersion and the interface is good, 11 a multi-VI semiconductor nanoparticles prepared by this method. Synthesis Gleiter et al in 1991 first nano-materials has been obtained, after 10 years of development has made substantial progress in nano-materials. Today, more types of nano-materials, divided according to their material: metal materials, nano-ceramic materials, nano-semiconductor materials, nanocomposites, nano-polymeric materials and so on. Nano-materials grain material is super emblem, known as the For example, sintered metal powder with nano-materials into the strength and hardness is much higher than the original metal, the conductive nano-metal body actually becomes an insulator. Generally low intensity and very brittle ceramic. But the nano-powder sintered into the ceramic is not only high strength and good toughness. The melting point of nano-materials with ultra-fine powder will decrease the diameter decreases. For example, the melting point of gold is 1064 ℃, but the melting point down to 10nm of gold dust 940 ℃, snm of powder melting point down to 830 ℃, which can significantly reduce the sintering temperature. Nano-sintering temperature significantly lower than the original ceramic. Nano-catalyst gasoline. Can improve the efficiency of internal combustion engines. Addition of solid fuel rocket speed allows. Drugs made of nano-powder. Can be successfully injected into the blood vessels into the capillaries. Nano-nano-biology cell biology is the study of nano-scale structure of the internal organelles and function. Study the interior of cells, cells and whole organisms between inside and outside the material, energy and information exchange. Nano-biology research has focused on the following aspects. Study of the genetic material DNA research in this area in the morphology, properties, and GM has a lot of progress in three. Brain research goal is to understand the human memory, thinking, language and learning the higher nervous function and information processing function of the human brain. Bionics nano biology research is a hot research. Gained many achievements in recent years. Promising nanotechnology breakthrough in some great achievements. The world's smallest motor is a biological motor - flagellar motor. Able to drive flagellar rotation as the rotating propeller
as nano-ceramic
. The motors are usually more than one protein by the 10 groups,skechers shape up shoes, whose construction is as artificial motor. By the equivalent stator, rotor, bearings, universal joints and other components. Its diameter is only 3onm, speed can be up to 15r/min, within 1μs right in or to the left of each switch. Can be achieved using an external electric field to accelerate or decelerate. Turn the power source, is the motor of the film support bacterial nitrogen-oxygen concentration inside and outside the poor. Proved. The potential difference in vivo bacteria can also be driven flagellar motor. Now people are exploring the electrical potential difference to design a dynamic artificial Yu flagellar motor drive. Mitsubishi has developed a human eye can simulate the visual image of the function of the retina chip. Jia-arsenide semiconductor chip to which a film base. Each chip contains 4096 sensing element. Expected to be further used for robots. It was suggested that a similar ring and bar production as a molecular machine. Put them together to form a computer assembly line unit cell size is only Inm, can be assembled into ultra small computer, only a few microns in size, can achieve the same performance computers now commonly used. Self-assembled nano-structures in the complex manufacturing of electromechanical system type emblem, and a big challenge is to assemble the various components of the system. System, more advanced, more complex, the assembly also more difficult to resolve the issue. Natural variety of organisms, in vivo protein, DNA, cells, etc. are highly complex structures. Their generation, the assembly is automated. Understand and control of biological macromolecules, such as self-assembly principles of human knowledge and transform the natural world is bound to rise to a new higher level. Assembly due to the nanometer scale etching technology has reached its limit, the assembly technology will be an important means of nanotechnology, by people much attention. Nano-assembly is through the mechanical, physical, chemical or biological methods, to atoms, molecules or molecular aggregates are assembled to form the structure of functional units. Ordered assembly of molecular assembly technologies, including technology, scanning probe atomic, molecular technology and bio-assembly removal. Organized molecular assembly of molecules through the physical or chemical interactions, the formation of ordered two-dimensional or three-dimensional molecular system. In recent years, organized molecular assembly technology and applied research is mainly made of the latest research and related properties of LB film findings. Biological macromolecules to identify the assembly. Proteins, nucleic acids and other bioactive macromolecules density assembly requirements set business direction, which for the preparation of high-performance micro-biological sense of film, development of bio-molecular devices, and study the interaction between biological macromolecules is very important. LgG return during the assembly of biological macromolecules, the first use of antibody activity to activity recognition fragment assembly of biological macromolecules. Making progress in this important directional assembly of biological molecules have a new breakthrough. In addition to these several assembly, the long chain polymer molecules in the ordered assembly of the bridge with self-assembly technology, application of ordered molecular films and other technology to progress. Using nanometer process technology can also be carried out atomic-level processing of materials, processing technology into the emblem of a more detailed depth. Nanostructures self-assembly technology, will make the nano-mechanical, nano-electromechanical systems and nano-leap breakthrough in biology. China in the field of nanotechnology and industrialization of scientific discovery has some advantages, at present with the United States, Japan, Germany and other countries at the forefront of the international first tier. Although China has established a certain amount of nano-materials production base, the development and application of nanotechnology has also been rising, and the initial realization of the industry. Nano to achieve large-scale, low-cost industrial production, there are a lot of work to do, only rely on a lot of money and high-tech input in exchange for high returns. More Atlas Atlas entry Open Category: technology, nanotechnology, nano, biochemistry and molecular biology, methods and techniques to perfect my