Urban Operations Research (1 )

Chapter The birth of

urban operation since the 90s the twentieth century, economic globalization, industrialization, marketization and the rapid development of information macro background, the Chinese cities of the period of rapid development, with the socialist market economy and the deepening of reform, how to introduce the market mechanism of urban construction and deepening of reform to adapt to urban development, the government, a major publish of social concern.

First, China's urbanization

urbanization is a national or regional level of social and economic development an important character, but also a country or district the only way to modernization. Urbanization is present and for a period of major strategic issues, it is not only determine whether China can achieve industrialization and modernization of opener factors, but also influence the development of major globe accidents. U.S. economist Joseph. Stiglitz (Joseph E. Stiglitz) the urbanization of China and the U.S. high-tech, knotted for 21st century development process of the two key ingredients.

1, economic development and modernization

Along with the reform and opening up,GHD Rare Straighteners, China's economy entered a phase of rapid evolution, urbanization likewise will be entered a fast period of development since 1978, China's urbanization level increased from 17.92% at the time 43% of the city in 2005, the aggregate digit additional to 661 from the 193, with 370 million human into city life.
Today, the Chinese economy has capable 30 years of rapid development, China's social and economic development has reached a new stage, 660 cities had not adapt to urban scale industrialization and urbanization in China development needs. Development of the city under the statutes of the world, when per capita GDP than 1000 U.S. dollars, when urbanization into the growth stage, while per capita GDP surpassed 3,000 U.S. dollars, when the development of the region or city will enter the high growth period. Our country's per capita GDP in 2003, has surpassed 1,000 U.S. dollars, even now, in many cities, the per capita GDP has exceeded 3000 U.S. dollars. This method that the development of the city of our country will enter a high-speed, rapid growth stage. The end of 2002, our national urbanization rate of 37.7%, urban population is 4.6 million, 8 million in rural areas. Now our country is a 1% daily growth rate of urbanization, which manner that each year 8 10000000-9 millions of peasants to shift to urban population. Calculated in agreement with this rate, by 2020, urbanization in our country is almost 60%. What this 60% is a concept? That is the year 2020, our country's urban population will approach 8-9 million. Such a city the size of the new population size is not adapt, paired with the current city infrastructure, city management is not adapt to rapid population growth, so the hereafter of China's urbanization process is coarse and overwhelming !

2, the implementation of national strategies
1996, held in Istanbul in the Second Assembly of the United Nations Human Settlements, said: In reaction to the trend of the times, in 2001 approved by the Fourth Session of the Ninth National People's Congress, In 2002, the National Congress Party that principles suggested by the urbanization of economic and steadily

3, Globalization and Urban Competitive
globalization (Globalization) conception was connate in the twentieth centenary,GHD IV Dark Straighteners, 60 annuals, since the mid-80s, the ascend of Western amplified countries, of
the subject of economy globalization mall process and the popularity of WTO rules, also endowed to the city in particular the championship between cities, primarily in improving the downtown of the city's comprehensive competitiveness of the national tactics to chance one major alternative.

Second, the problems of urbanization in

present, China's urbanization is entering a period of rapid development, marketing, globalization and high technology is the wag of shock wave later wag. However, deserving to the traditional urban planning methodology and technology, restricted by the planned economy prototype of the city administration action and the blind expansion and renovation of urban activities, production the rapid development of urbanization in China merely also exposed many problems, notwithstanding welcomed China's urban construction unprecedented prosperity, merely our perplexity, anguish and hesitation also increasing.

1, the city lost control of urban development planning character;
planning failure is mainly reflected in two aspects: one is that many urban master plan has not yet expired, but the city the scale of construction has been completely broken through the aboriginal box. Many cities in the planning target of 20-year 5-year This far exceeded the growth rate projected in front of planning, planning to become a common phenomenon in the failure; the other hand, the implementation of the overall planning process lags behind the planning period. Detailed zoning regulations and control low scope, so that the infrastructure can not be rational delivery and reciprocal convergence, reflected in the repair of the road construction is dug, dug and repair, mediocre people dubbed the city roads should be the nestle of zipper.

2, urban and rural planning and institutional fragmentation, Outskirts of construction confusion;
traditional urban planning and management has always been fuzzy concepts such as restrictions aboard the suburb of the city planning and management is not characteristic details, thus the overall urban planning process can merely be painted into the vacant districts. The actual work plan accepted by the land management ministry and separate and vanquish approach, the results of the city outskirts have become the

3, planning and construction of development zones out of line with the overall urban planning, self-contained;
assorted development areas, campus city,GHD Pink Limited Edition, science and technology parks, software parks, passenger resorts, etc. such planning can be neutral, dismembered the city master plan, the long-term healthy development of the urban potential problems.

4, historic buildings, urban landscape has been severely damaged;

liberation, of the city's historic heritage with the urban context and the remains of antique erections severely damaged by 3 times, the first one is to make steel and steel during the early liberation; second time was during the Cultural Revolution; the third time after the reform and opening, use the Yan

5, urban ecological damage, environmental pollution is solemn;
80% of the straight dismiss of untreated urban sewage, leadership to rustic creeks and groundwater sources are contaminated; coal-fired emissions, conveyance exhaust and dust so difficult to penetrate blue sky in many cities; mushroom in civic solid waste; green illegal frameworks have been eroded; It all led to many of our urban nature has been severely broke. World's altitude ten maximum tainted cities in China accounted as 8.

6, planning supervision and restraint body disability, caustic flooding illegal construction;
more than 600 cities extensive have altering degrees the scatter of the phenomenon of illegal construction. Especially in the urban brim, urban agglomeration economies by the effects of radiation, collective land procurement to the development and construction is not,GHD Green Butterfly 2011, coupled with corruption in collusion with the suburban .

7, urban construction timing confusion, severe deficit of urban infrastructure construction waste and repetition coexist;
some chairmen absence of learning of urban blueprinting and establishing cities, such for After launching this road before, and then fix the mistake sewer construction series, so that many cities sewers, construction garbage everywhere, a great number of ecological green space is occupied, the city's declining quality of the surroundings.

8, local planning or coordination mechanism is not absolute, the traditional large and smmore or less cerebral still prevail;
still rigidly adhere to some of the planning department urban planning area, This

9, similar neatness of urban construction, thousands of city side;
one-sided understanding of urban modernization and imitate every other, the blind pursuance of the city larger and current, variable high and variable ocean, keen in the construction of Large squares, wide roads and large lawn, luxury bureau buildings, landscape properties, Europeanization building swept the country.

10, planning and construction of small towns without adequate consideration. place of many small towns
unreasonable, the lack of industry patronize, but the will of the product, rather than the urban social and economic organization as chapter of complicated systems. Thus, development of small towns to the circling villages from the service for party functions.

11, traffic congestion, people travel difficulties.
the one hand, quickly cars and mobile population. Especially after China's approval to WTO, a meaningful abatement in the amount of cars into the family car to quicken further worse traffic congestion leaving; the other hand, the

12, the city is increasing proceeds gap among wealthy and poor, low-income public housing difficulties still exist.

Third, market reform and urban planning and construction management

It is in the various problems encountered in the development, strengthening our nation ahead the decision of the market economy and institutional reforms. 92 of the CPC congress clearly pointed out: the goal of China's economic reform constantly ten to create a socialist economic system. The following year (93 years) Eighth National People's Congress was a constitutional correction to Article XV changed to Party National Congress in 2002 that October 2003, the third plenum passed the
In this fashion, urban construction and management must also be in transition as presently as likely, the simplicity of traditional government services and management accent has been far incapable to meet this need. With market-oriented reforms, around the transformation of government functions, strengthening public services, urban planning and construction management system has suffered important changes, the government taking all of the traditional management mode and gradually replaced by a market economy, to a definite extent, accelerate the pace of urban development cultivate the operational efficiency of urban infrastructure, reduced public spending.
But generally speaking, urban reform lags behind farming, manufacture and the reform of circulation manufacture. And economic growth, social organization, likened to change in the way of urban development, urban planning and construction management of the system, mechanism and mode of lagging back. In order to meet the context of globalization and rapid urbanization large-scale urban construction, have to have a state re-establish a market-oriented urban planning and construction management system,GHD MK4 Pure Straighteners, reinforcing of economic regulation, market supervision, social management and public services, and actively enhance rapid and telling management of management of urban development, out of a road with Chinese characteristics, urbanization.

Fourth, the birth of

urban operation is in rapid urbanization, the development of market economy and deepening the reform of the historical background and development requirements , the It is China's market reforms in the field of urban development and management of exploration is to happen in the urban construction of a new classification, which the city planning and construction management for China's reform and development of a new path.

five cities operating practices

1, the train of foreign cities
operations in foreign countries, the concept of urban operations has deeper historical foundation. From the operational musing.
(1) City
Western corporation, It is the capitalists to increase productivity, plant employees living near to solving the housing problem of funding the construction and management of small towns. Originated in the 1790s the city of Paterson, New Jersey, after the mid 19th century in Europe and the United States is widely practice.
(2) commissioned at the French operator
17 century way of the petition of discretionary treatment, commissioned the construction of the private sector infrastructure such as warships and ports to complement the national monetary investment. Since the 1970s, the city gradually developed a model warmhearted used in highways, power, telecommunications,GHD Straighteners NZ, wire television, urban heating, waste disposal, sewage management, public motorcar parks and additional public facilities construction in the business.
(3) Garden City's business philosophy
1880's, the United Kingdom Howard (E. Howard) made the . He pointed out that the This
(4) the city manager system
1900 years since the birth of municipal reform in the United States, . Before the late 19th century, the U.S. federal government has been pursuing a laissez-faire policies, resulting in a state of anarchy of urban construction, urban problems become increasingly serious. 1908, Staunton, Virginia City in municipal reform, in the city in a Well-known theorist Richard Childs of reform on this root, the city manager system proposed theory. In 1912, South Carolina Safari parent Special City will this theory into practice, the formal implementation of the city manager system. Since then, this system can develop quickly. 1916, 50 cities have adopted such a system, as of 1996, the implementation of the city manager system of city of 3546, accounting for 48% of the total number of U.S. cities. In a population of 25,000 to 250,000 small and medium cities, more than half of the implementation of this system.
Manager System is an enterprise management system, the city manager is the city's Chief Executive, the Enterprise embark of advisers to corporate management approach, obedience with corporate management procedures to manage the city. The implementation of the city manager system, the city has been effective governance.
(5) Since the government re-
1980, onward with world government, economic, social and scientific revolution, the development of major Western countries both have been carrying out a large-scale government reinvention action, that government system revolution. Reinventing government is not simply a reorganization to streamline the organization, but the concept of governance, principles, structure, behavior and other large-scale reforms to improve government representation and service quality, and management capabilities through the Government ultimately improve the national competitiveness .
market mechanism, the government and the market join to pose the management of urban entrepreneurs to develop the local economy as the goal, via governance capability.

2, operating practices
Chinese cities in China, the city operating as a long-standing concept in the feudal society that is on the city the concept of urban operations, and history to develop.
founding of New China, reform and development in the past, has been using a planned economic system, in such a system, China's urban planning, construction, management, all by the city ​​is a super state-owned companies, the Government is the owner, operators and directors, completely according to plan delivery of urban resources management, which is represented by After 1980, with the economic system reform and the establishment of market mechanisms, the city government anything and build up feeble, so in the context of rapid urbanization in China large-scale urban construction funding needs, the context of globalization and urban competition decentralization, the context of the impose system to implement the policy, China began a manly
Throughout the practice status of operations around the city, and its primarily in the following 5 modes:
(1) Dalian model - transformation of urban outlook
environmental management (2) Hangzhou Mode - create a land keep hub and revitalize the city of existing assets
(3) Qingdao model - highlighting the city brand to promote the industrial development
(4) Qufu mode - highlight the characteristics and conveniences of traits to create city
(5) Hengshui mode - to develop transport, expanding financing channels.

With China's economic and social development, the interests of the dominant location of the city is emerging,