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340843 2010 年 07 月 24 日 23:18 Reading (loading. ..) Comments (1) Category: Personal Diary
harmful substances in smoke
health risks of smoking is well known fact. . The cigarette ignited the different chemicals released when different, but mainly the number of chemicals such as tar and carbon monoxide. Lit cigarette produces harmful substances can be divided into six categories:
(1) aldehydes, nitrides, olefin, these substances have a stimulating effect on the respiratory tract.
(2) nicotine category,
red wing heritage boots, can stimulate the sympathetic nerve, causing intimal damage.
(3) amine, cyanide and heavy metals, which are toxic substances.
(4) acrylic pyrene, arsenic, cadmium, methyl hydrazine, amino phenols, other radioactive substances. These substances are carcinogenic.
(5) phenolic compounds and formaldehyde, these substances have a role to accelerate carcinogenesis.
(6) carbon monoxide can reduce the red blood cells carry oxygen to the body to capacity.
I. carcinogenesis
smoking has been recognized as carcinogenic. Epidemiological surveys show that smoking is an important causative factor in lung cancer, especially squamous cell carcinoma and small cell undifferentiated carcinoma. Smokers, the risk of lung cancer is 13 times the non-smokers, smoking at 35 if more than a day, their risk 45 times higher than non-smokers. Smokers than non-smokers lung cancer mortality rate is 10 to 13 times. Lung cancer deaths caused by smoking approximately 85%. Smokers such as simultaneous exposure to chemical carcinogens (such as asbestos, nickel, uranium and arsenic, etc.) then the risk of lung cancer will be higher. Tobacco smoke in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons subject to metabolism after hydroxylase cytotoxic and induced mutation, the body of the hydroxylase concentration in smokers than non-smokers high. Smoking can reduce the activity of natural killer cells, thus weakening the body to monitor the growth of tumor cells, killing and clearance, which further explains that smoking is a risk factor for a variety of cancer. Smokers, the incidence of throat cancer ten times higher than non-smokers. Increased incidence of bladder cancer 3 times, which may smoke on the β-naphthylamine. In addition, smoking and lip cancer, tongue cancer, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, colon, pancreas, kidney, and the incidence of cervical cancer have a certain relationship. Clinical studies and animal experiments show that the carcinogens in smoke can affect the fetus through the placenta, resulting in their offspring was significantly higher incidence of cancer.
Second, to the heart, brain and vascular effects
many studies suggest that smoking is a lot of heart, cerebrovascular disease, major risk factors, smoking Smoke's coronary heart disease, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease incidence rates significantly increased. Statistics show that coronary heart disease and hypertension in 75% of patients with a history of smoking. Smokers with coronary heart disease incidence 3.5 times higher than non-smokers, coronary heart disease mortality of the former is 6 times higher than the latter, the former than the latter in the incidence of myocardial infarction 2 to 6 times higher, autopsy also found that coronary atherosclerotic lesions of the former than the latter broad and serious. Hypertension, high cholesterol and smoking were the three with the increased incidence of coronary heart disease 9 to 12 times. Cardiovascular disease deaths, 30% to 40% caused by smoking, the mortality rate is proportional to the growth and smoking. Nicotine and carbon monoxide in the smoke is a recognized cause of coronary atherosclerosis major harmful factors, but the exact mechanism has not been fully understood. Most scholars believe that changes in blood lipids, platelet function and blood rheology abnormalities play an important role. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) can stimulate endothelial cell prostacyclin (PGI2) generation, PGI2 is the most effective vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation substances. Smoking can damage the vascular endothelial cells and cause reduction of serum HDL-C, cholesterol, PGI2 levels decreased, which led to peripheral vascular and coronary artery contraction,
red wing motorcycle boot, wall thickening, stenosis and blood flow slows down, resulting in myocardial ischemia oxygen. Nicotine can also promote platelet aggregation. The smoke of carbon monoxide to form carboxyhemoglobin and hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells, causing tissue hypoxia, and induce coronary artery spasm. Because tissue hypoxia, resulting in compensatory polycythemia, the increased blood viscosity. In addition, smoking can increase plasma fibrinogen levels, resulting in coagulation system disorders; smoking can also affect the metabolism of arachidonic acid, so that generation reduction of PGI2, thromboxane A2 relative increase, so that vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation increased. These are likely to promote the development and progression of coronary heart disease. Because myocardial ischemia, enhancement of myocardial stress, decreased ventricular fibrillation threshold,
red wing heritage boot, so the smokers are more susceptible to coronary heart arrhythmia, increased risk of sudden death.
reported smokers the risk of stroke is 2 to 3.5 times that of smokers; if smoking and high blood pressure exist, the risk of stroke will rise almost 20 times higher. In addition, smokers susceptible to arteriosclerosis obliterans and arteritis occlusive thrombus. Smoking can cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (referred to as COPD), eventually leading to pulmonary heart disease.
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Third, the impact of the respiratory tract
; smoking are chronic bronchitis, emphysema and chronic airway obstruction of the main contributory factors. Experimental study found that long-term smoking can damage the cilia of bronchial mucosa, become shorter and ciliary clearance. In addition, submucosal gland hyperplasia, hypertrophy, increased mucus secretion, composition has also changed, easy to block the bronchioles. In the dog experiment, exposure to smoke can cause emphysema, a large number of changes. Institute of Respiratory Disease, China Medical University study found that smokers of lower respiratory tract macrophages (AM), neutrophils (PMN) and elastase significantly increased compared with non-smokers, which may be due to smoke stimulation of particles and harmful gases, lower respiratory tract mononuclear macrophage system is activated, the activation of AM in addition to the release of elastase, but at the same time the release of PMN chemotactic factor, PMN from the capillaries to move to the lungs. AM activated macrophages also release growth factors to attract fibroblasts; and PMN release large amounts of toxic oxygen radicals and proteases, including elastin, collagenase, including proteolytic enzymes, the role of elastin in the lung, multiple mucin , basement membrane and collagen fibers, resulting in the destruction of the alveolar wall spacing and interstitial fibrosis. It is reported that in 1986 the United States were nearly 1,300 people suffering from COPD in 1991 death of 90,000 people, smoking is the main cause. Smokers than non-smokers with chronic bronchitis, 2 to 4 times higher, and with years of smoking and smoking in direct proportion to the patients tend to have chronic cough, expectoration and activities,
red wing boots, difficulty in breathing. Pulmonary function tests showed airway obstruction, lung compliance, ventilatory function and diffusing capacity and arterial oxygen reduction decreased. Even the young asymptomatic smokers with mild lung function. COPD are prone to cause spontaneous pneumothorax. Smokers often suffer from chronic pharyngitis and vocal inflammation.
Fourth, the impact of the digestive tract
smoking can cause gastric acid secretion, the general increase of 91.5% than non-smokers, and inhibits pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate, resulting in increased duodenal acid load, induced ulcers. Nicotine in tobacco can reduce the pyloric sphincter, the bile reflux easily, thus weakening the stomach and duodenal mucosa defense factors, promote chronic inflammation and ulcers, delayed healing of ulcers and to the original. In addition, smoking can reduce the tension of the lower esophageal sphincter, could easily lead to reflux esophagitis.
five other
harm of smoking on women much more than men, women, smoking can cause menstrual disorders, fertility problems, ectopic pregnancy, female hormone is low, osteoporosis and early menopause. Pregnant women, smoking can lead to spontaneous abortion, fetal growth retardation and low birthweight. Others such as premature birth, stillbirth, placental abruption,
red wing shoes online, placenta previa staff may related to smoking. Smoking during pregnancy increases perinatal mortality and fetal congenital heart disease incidence. These hazards are carbon monoxide in the smoke and other harmful substances into the fetal blood to form carboxyhemoglobin, resulting in hypoxia; both nicotine and the blood vessels, reducing blood supply to the fetus and nutrient supply, thus affecting the normal fetal growth and development. 90% of female lung cancer, COPD 75% and 25% of all coronary heart disease associated with smoking. The ratio of smoking women die of breast cancer than non-smoking women, 25% higher. Have shown that nicotine reduces ###### hormone secretion and the role of anti-sperm, so that reduced sperm count, abnormal morphology and vigor decreased, resulting in less chance of conceiving. Smoking can also cause damage to testicular function, male ######ual dysfunction and ######ual dysfunction, leading to male infertility. Tobacco smoking can cause amblyopia, the elderly smoking can cause macular degeneration, which may be due to increased atherosclerosis and platelet aggregation, prompting local hypoxia. Recently, a study found that smoking in the strong noise can cause permanent hearing impairment, and even deafness.
six, passive smoking
is living and working in the people around smokers, do not consciously inhale smoke particles and various toxic substances . Passive smoking by those who do not inhaled concentration of harmful substances is lower than in smokers, smokers spit out the cold smoke, tar content than tobacco smokers inhale hot smoke more than 1 times 2 times more benzopyrene , carbon monoxide more than 4 times. Study found that passive smoking in the workplace are often women, its high incidence of coronary heart disease in the workplace with little or no passive smokers. According to an international sample survey confirmed that cancer patients smoke 50% of passive smokers. A large number of epidemiological surveys show that the wife of her husband's lung cancer smoking prevalence was 1.6 husband do not smoke 3.4 times. Pregnant women, passive smoking can affect the normal growth and development of the fetus. Some scholars have analyzed more than 5,000 pregnant women found that smoking 10 cigarettes a day when more than her husband, their baby prenatal mortality rate increased by 65%; smoking more, the mortality rate is higher. Smoking households than children with respiratory diseases and more non-smoking family.
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