Artificial turf - Wikipedia, t Rosetta Stone level

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Artificial turf is a surface manufactured from synthetic fibers made to look favor natural grass. It is most often used in arenas for sports that were originally or are normally played on grass. However, it is now being used on residential lawns and commercial applications as well. The chief reason is maintenance — artificial turf resists heavy use, such as in sports, and requires no irrigation or trimming. Domed, covered, and partially covered stadiums may require artificial turf because of the difficulty of getting grass enough brightness to reside healthy.
Contents 1 History
2 Applications 2.1 Baseball
2.2 American football
2.3 Field hockey
2.4 Association football 2.4.1 Developments 2.5 Ski and snowboard
2.6 Tennis
2.7 Landscaping 3 Advantages and disadvantages 3.1 Advantages
3.2 Disadvantages 4 See also
5 Notes [edit] History
David Chaney – who moved to Raleigh, North Carolina in 1960 and later served as Dean of the North Carolina State University College of Textiles – brained the team of Research Triangle Park researchers who created the first notable artificial turf. That fulfilment led Sports Illustrated to declare Chaney as the male "responsible for indoor major league baseball and millions of salute mats." This turf first came to prominence in 1965, when AstroTurf was installed in the newly-built Astrodome in Houston, Texas. The use of AstroTurf and similar surfaces became widespread in the 1970s and was installed in both indoor and outdoor stadiums used for baseball and gridiron football in the United States and Canada. Maintaining a grass playing surface indoors, while technically feasible,ghd UK, is prohibitively valuable, while teams who chose to play on artificial surfaces outdoors did so because of the reduced maintenance cost, especially in colder climates with urban multi-purpose "cake cutter" stadiums such as Cincinnati's Riverfront Stadium, Pittsburgh's Three Rivers Stadium and Philadelphia's Veterans Stadium.
[edit] Applications Tropicana Field equipped with artificial turf. In many artificial turf baseball installations, a full dirt infield is not provided, only the pitcher's mound and "sliding boxes" around each base. [edit] Baseball
Artificial turf was first used in Major League Baseball in the Houston Astrodome in 1966, replacing the grass field used when the stadium opened a year earlier. Even though the grass was specifically bred for indoor use, the dome's semi-transparent Lucite ceiling panels, which had been painted white to deduct from on glare which bothered the players, did not pass enough sunlight to advocate the grass. For most of the 1965 season, the Astros played on green-painted dirt and dead grass.
The solution was to install a new type of artificial grass on the field, ChemGrass, which became known as AstroTurf. Because the supply of AstroTurf was still low, only a restricted amount was available for the first home game. There wasn't enough for the whole outfield, but there was ample to cover the traditional grass part of the infield. The outfield remained painted dirt until behind the All-Star Break. The team was sent on an extended road tumble ahead the break, and on July 19, 1966, the installation of the outfield portion of AstroTurf was completed. Groundskeepers dressed as astronauts kept the turf neat with vacuum detergents between innings.
Artificial turf was after installed in other new "cookie-cutter" stadiums such as Pittsburgh's Three Rivers Stadium, Philadelphia's Veterans Stadium, and Cincinnati's Riverfront Stadium. Early AstroTurf baseball fields used the orthodox all-dirt route, merely in the early 1970s, teams began using the "bottom cutout" layout on the diamond, with the only clay creature on the pitcher's hill, batter's circle, and in a "sliding box" around each pedestal. With this layout, a drew arc would denote where the brim of the outfield grass would normally be, to facilitate fielders in positioning themselves properly.
The biggest distinction in play on artificial turf was that the ball bounced higher than on real grass, and also travelled faster, causing infielders to play farther behind than they would normally, so that they would have ample time to respond. The ball also had a truer skip than on grass, so that on long throws fielders could accidentally bounce the ball in front of the player they were throwing to, with the certainty that it would peregrination in a straight line and not be deflected to the right or left. However, the biggest impact on the game of "turf", as it came to be called, was on the bodies of the players. The artificial surface, which was generally placed over a concrete base, had much less give to it than a traditional dirt and grass field did, which caused more wear-and-tear on knees, ankles, feet and the lower back, maybe even shortening the careers of those players who played a significant portion of their games on artificial surfaces. Players also complained that the turf was much hotter than grass,ghds precious, sometimes causing the metal spikes to burn their feet, or plastic ones to melt. These factors eventually provoked a digit of stadiums, such as Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City, Missouri, to switch from artificial turf back to natural grass.
In 2000, St. Petersburg's Tropicana Field became the first MLB field to use a softer artificial surface, FieldTurf. All other remaining artificial turf stadiums were either converted to FieldTurf or were replaced fully by new natural grass stadiums. With the replacement of Minneapolis's Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome by Target Field in 2010, only two MLB stadiums, both in the American League East, are still using artificial turf: Tropicana Field and Toronto's Rogers Centre, which converted to a next generation AstroTurf in 2010. MLB also timetables some games to be played in Hiram Bithorn Stadium in San Juan, Puerto Rico, which also has an FieldTurf installation, but one which plays faster than those in St. Petersburg and the antique field in Toronto.
[amend] American football
In 1969, Franklin Field, the gridiron stadium of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, switched from grass to artificial turf. Also home of the Philadelphia Eagles, it was the first National Football League stadium to use artificial turf. In 2006, Gillette Stadium, the football stadium of the New England Patriots and the New England Revolution, switched from grass to FieldTurf deserving to the conflict of meager weather and hosting many sporting and melodious memorabilia at the stadium. It is one of 13 National Football League stadiums that have turf instead of grass fields.[1]
[edit] Field hockey
For more details on this heading, penetrate Field_hockey_history#The_synthetic_revolution.
The introduction of synthetic surfaces has significantly changed the sport of field hockey. Since being introduced in the 1970s, competitions in western countries are now mostly played on artificial surfaces. This has increased the speed of the game considerably, and changed the shape of hockey sticks to allow for alter techniques, such as reverse mallet trapping and hitting.
Field hockey artificial turf differs from football and gridiron artificial turf in that it does not try to reproduce a grass 'feel', being made of shorter fibres similar to the ones used on Dunfermline's field. This shorter fibre architecture allows the improvement in speed brought by earlier artificial turfs to be retained. This evolution in the game is however problematic for many local communities who often cannot afford to construct two artificial fields: one for field hockey and one for other sports. The FIH and contractors are driving research in mandate to generate new fields that ambition be suitable for a variety of sports.
Aspmyra, Norway: home of the football club FK Bodø/Glimt [edit] Association football
Some league football clubs in Europe installed synthetic surfaces in the 1980s, which were called "plastic pitches" (often derisively) in countries such as England. In England, several professional club venues had adopted them including QPR's Loftus Road, Luton Town's Kenilworth Road, Oldham Athletic's Boundary Park and Preston's Deepdale until the English FA banned them in 1988. Turf gained a bad dignity on either sides of the Atlantic with fans and especially with athletes. The 1st Astro turfs were a distant harder surface than grass, and presently became understood as one unforgiving playing surface which was disposed to cause more injuries, and of special note, more solemn coupler injuries, than would comparatively be underwent on a grass surface. This turf was too regarded as aesthetically unappealing to many fans.

In 1981, London football club Queens Park Rangers dug up its grass pitch and installed an artificial one. Others followed, and by the mid-1980s there were 4 artificial surfaces in action in the English league. They soon became a citizen joke: the ball pinged circular like it was made of rubber, the players kept losing their footing, and anyone who fell over risked carpet burns. Unsurprisingly, fans complained that the football was dreadful to watch and, one by one, the clubs returned to natural grass.[2]

In the 1990s many North American soccer clubs also cleared their artificial surfaces and re-installed grass, meantime others moved to new stadiums with state-of-the-art grass surfaces that were designed to withstand cold temperatures where the climate claimed it. The use of turf was later banned by FIFA, UEFA and by many servant football associations, whereas, in recent years, both governing bodies have expressed resurrected interest in the use of artificial surfaces in competition provided that they are FIFA Recommended. UEFA has immediately been heavily contained in programs to test turf with tests made in several grounds appointment with FIFA approval. A team of UEFA, FIFA and German enterprise Polytan conducted tests in the Stadion Salzburg Wals-Siezenheim in Salzburg,cheapest ghds, Austria which had matches played on it in UEFA EURO 2008. It is the second FIFA 2 Star approved turf in a European domestic top flight, after Dutch club Heracles Almelo received the FIFA certificate in August 2005.[3] The tests were approved.[4]
[edit] Developments This article contains weasel words, opaque phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. (October 2010) Modern artificial turf
In the early 21st century, new artificial playing surfaces using sand and/or rubber infill were adult. These "afterward generation" or "third generation" artificial grass surfaces are generally regarded as being approximately as secure to play on as a typical natural grass surface — maybe even safer in cold conditions[cite needed].
FIFA originally fired its FIFA Quality Concept in February 2001. UEFA announced that starting from the 2005-06 season, agreed artificial surfaces were to be permitted in their rivalries.
Regardless of the views of the governing bodies, commentary of artificial surfaces in soccer continues, notably in reference to the FieldTurf surface at Toronto F.C.'s BMO Field (replaced with grass in 2010) and Giants Stadium, sometime home of Red Bull New York. Current and former players have recently criticised the surface, expressing concerns that, amid other entities, it may exacerbate injuries.
A full international fixture for the 2008 European Championships was played on 17 October 2007 between England and Russia on an artificial surface, which was installed to counteract harmful weather conditions, at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow.[5][6] It was one of the first full international games to be played on such a surface approved by both FIFA and UEFA. However UEFA ordered that the 2008 European Champions League final hosted in the same stadium in May 2008 must take location on grass, so a temporary natural grass field was installed just for the final. UEFA tensioned that artificial turf ought only be thought an option where climatic conditions require.[7]
In June 2009, emulating a match played by Estadio Ricardo Saprissa in Costa Rica, American national group manager Bob Bradley phoned above FIFA to "have some gallantry" and ban artificial surfaces.[8]
FIFA designated a star system for artificial turf fields that have undergone a series of tests that survey quality and extravaganza based on a two star system.[9] Recommended 2-Star fields may be used for FIFA Final Round Competitions as well as for UEFA Europa League and Champions League matches.[10] There are currently 130 FIFA Recommended 2-Star installations in the globe.[11]
In 2009, FIFA launched the FIFA Preferred Producer Initiative to improve the quality of artificial football turf at each stage of the life cycle (fabrication, installation and maintenance). Currently, there are five manufacturers that were elected by FIFA including ACT Global Sports, Limonta, Desso, GreenFields and Edel Grass. These firms have made quality guarantees directly to FIFA and have admitted to increased research and development.
The absences of artificial turf growing lofty in Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia and Thailand. Many brands has developing their products. One of the them is Polygrasse. Indonesia is a big nation whom people is very amused in Soccer. Unfortunately they lacks of space. So that is why the growth of futsal and indoor soccer megalopolis is increasing rapidly.
In 2010, new elastomer infill types are introduced that fulfil the maximum stringent environmental requirements. Even more, currently there is a TPE-based infill matter that fulfils the leaching and content requirements of the Dutch Soil Decree. The Dutch Government allowed Softer Spa (Italy)[www.softerspa.com] to supply the Terra infill materials (based on TPE) with a declaration under the Dutch Soil Decree. This manner that this materials do not leach heavy metals such as zinc, do no contain PAH's. [1].
Installation Types Category
Description Unfilled
Often called "water-based", the stack is unfilled. The fields require wetting, accordingly the name "water-based", often through prolonged showering with field-side water cannon prior to their use and occasionally during half-time intervals relying on the preponderating atmospherics. They are favoured by most sports since they offer more conservation for players by minimising the abrasive efficacy created by the sand. These fields manner a cloud of the essence level field hockey fields in use today. Sand-dressed
The heap of the blanket is filled to within 5–8 mm of the tips of the fibre with nice sand. The sand cannot be seen. It can be confused with unfilled fields. Sand fraught
The heap of the carpet is filled almost to the top with sand. The sand makes the field rough and harder. In approximation to water-based fields or minimal sand-dressed fields,Rosetta Stone levels, ball speed along the surface is often noticeably slower. [edit] Ski and snowboard
Some skiing and snowboarding clubs and resorts in Europe installed artificial surfaces in the 1960s and 1970s. Often called pista del sole, after its aptitude to be used in lukewarm, sunny, conditions, these installations have chance increasingly common.
[edit] Tennis
Main article: grass tribunal
[edit] Landscaping
Since the early 1990s, the use of artificial grass in the extra arid Western states of the United States has migrated rapidly beyond athletic fields apt residential and advertisement landscaping. This trend has been pedaled at the dramatic promotion in the quality and variety of available synthetic grasses, the dwindled price of livelihood and care likened to normal grass, and the comprehension that synthetic lawns tin be a significant water conservation fathom in areas where water usage is a care.[12]
[edit] Advantages and disadvantages
[edit] Advantages Artificial turf can be a better solution when the context is especially hostile to natural grass. An arid environment alternatively an where there is little natural light are examples.
Artificial turf can withstand significantly more use than natural grass and can therefore be used much more frequently. This allows amusements ground owners to produce more incomesintoseffect their facilities.
Ideal for vacation homes when maintenance of lawns is not practical. It is also a solution for elderly home-owners who find the maintenance of lawns also many hard go.
Suitable for roof gardens and swimming pool circles.
Some artificial turf systems allow for the integration of fiber-optic fibers into the turf. This would allow for lighting alternatively advertisements to be instantly embedded in a playing surface, alternatively runway lighting to be embedded in artificial landing surfaces for helicopter.[13] [edit] Disadvantages Some artificial turf requires infill such as silicon dirt and/or granulated rubber made from recycled car tires. This material may carry heavy metals which can leach into the water chart.[14]
Periodic disinfection is required as pathogens are not broken down by natural processes in the same style as natural turf. Despite this, recent studies recommend definite microbial life is fewer athletic.[15]
Friction between rind and artificial turf causes abrasions and/or burns to a much greater amplitude than natural grass.[15] This is an issue fjust aboutme sports: for example, football in which sliding maneuvers are mutual and clothing does not entirely cover the limbs. However, with some third-generation artificial grasses, this is almost entirely eradicated by the use of polyethylene yarn.
Artificial turf tends to be many hotter than natural grass when exposed to the sun.[16] [edit] See also Artificial ski slopes
AstroTurf
FieldTurf
Monsanto
Poly-Turf [edit] Notes ^ Gillette Stadium's grass field replaced with Field Turf.
^ Lawton, Graham (04 June 2005). "Field battle over artificial grass". New Scientist (2502): 35. Retrieved 2008-01-11. 
^ Salzburg turf acceptance at UEFA.com
^ Approval for artificial fields at UEFA.com
^ "England to activity on synthetic turf". BBC News. 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2008-01-11. 
^ "Field 'No Excuse' For England". Sporting Life UK. Retrieved 2008-01-11. 
^ Martyn Ziegler (2007-10-10). "England could slip up on plastic field, warns Ferguson". The Independent. Retrieved 2008-01-11. 
^ Yahoo! Sports
^ "FIFA Quality Concept - Handbook of Test Methods for Football Turf". FIFA. Retrieved May 2009. 
^ "Football Turf".
^ "2-Star Installations".
^ "Reduce Your Water Bill". DigitalTurf. 2011-01-03. Retrieved 2008-01-11. 
^ Monte Burke (2006-11-27). "Field of Screens". Forbes. Retrieved 2008-01-11. 
^ David R. Brown, Sc.D. (2007) (.PDF). Artificial Turf. Environment & Human Health, Inc. 
^ a b Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences (30 August 2006). "New Penn State Study Debunks Staph Bacteria Scare In Synthetic Turf". Press release. Retrieved 2008-01-11. 
^ C. Frank Williams, Gilbert E. Pulley (2002) (.PDF). Synthetic Surface Heat Studies. Brigham Young University. Retrieved 2008-02-19.  Retrieved from "" Categories: Artificial turf | Gardening aids | Plastics petitions | Water conservationHidden categories: Articles with weasel words from October 2010 | All articles with unsourced expressions | Articles with unsourced expressions from October 2010 Personal tools Log in / establish list Namespaces Article Discussion Variants Views Read Edit View history Actions Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Cite this sheet Print/export Create a bookDownload as PDFPrintable edition Languages Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk (bokmål)‬ Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska This page was last modified on 14 May 2011 at 14:06.
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