Toxicology rewrites its history and rethinks its future: Giving equal focus to both harmful and beneficial effects

Toxicology rewrites its history and rethinks its future: Giving equal focus to both harmful and beneficial effects.Â*Calabrese EJ. School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health; Environmental Health Sciences, University <a href="http://www.asunglassesoutlet.com/chrome-hearts-sunglasses-c-259.html"><strong>Chrome Hearts Sunglasses</strong></a> of Massachusetts; Amherst, Massachusetts, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2011 Sep 19. doi: 10.1002/etc.687. Read about more about scientific research on homeopathy Abstract:Â*The present paper assesses how medicine adopted the threshold dose response to evaluate health effects of drugs and chemicals throughout the 20th century to the present. Homeopathy first adopted the biphasic dose response making it an explanatory principle. Medicine used its influence to discredit the biphasic dose response model to harm homeopathy and to promote its alternative, the threshold dose response. However, it failed to validate the capacity of its model to make accurate predictions in the low dose zone. Recent attempts to validate the threshold dose response indicates that it poorly predicts responses below the threshold. The long marginalized biphasic/hormetic dose response model made accurate <a href="http://www.bestsunglassesoutlet.com/category/lv-sunglasses"><strong>Louis Vuitton Sunglasses</strong></a> predictions in these validation studies. The failure to accept the possibility of the hormetic-biphasic dose response during toxicology’s dose-response concept formative period, while adopting the threshold <a href="http://www.asunglassesoutlet.com/chloe-sunglasses-c-258.html"><strong>Chloe Sunglasses</strong></a> model, and later the linear no threshold model for carcinogens, led toxicology to adopt a hazard assessment process that involved testing only a few very high doses. This created the framework that toxicology was a discipline that only studied harmful responses, ignoring the possibility of benefit at low doses by the induction of adaptive mechanisms. Toxicology needs to assess the entire dose response continuum, incorporating both harmful and beneficial effects into the risk assessment process.