Electron microscope HPV
HPV (Human Papillomavirus, referred to as HPV) is a tropic virus epithelial, highly specific, long known HPV can cause human benign tumors and warts, such as growth in the genital skin and mucous membranes around the human common warts, genital warts, and growth in the mucosa of the papilloma. The same as the hepatitis B virus, HPV is a DNA virus. It was originally polyoma virus family of a bubble in 1999, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) cancel the polyoma virus family bubble and replace them with HPV Section, therefore, HPV will be vested in the sects.
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basic component of transmission categories classified according to the site of infection by cancer classification of diseases induced by HPV type detection factors prevention and treatment of basic component development is a kind of HPV species-specific addicted to epithelial virus, is a small double-stranded DNA virus closed, contains about 8000 base pairs
human papillomavirus (HPV) structure
. Including eight early open reading frames (E1-E8), 2 个 late reading frame and a non-coding long control region. In the early open reading frame, E6 and E7 genes on cell growth stimulation of the most important, E6, E7 encoding E6, E7 protein causes cervical epithelial cells immortalized. The late L1 and L2 reading frame of genes coding for the major and minor HPV capsid proteins, assembled into HPV capsid. The HPV Capsid of the of DNA. In 1949, Strauss first observed in the electron microscope, HPV particles, which are spherical, and its 20 icosahedral symmetry, a diameter of about 45-55nm. HPV gene sequences according to the different structure, people will be divided into nearly 130 HPV genotypes, of which nearly a hundred species of gene sequences has been to find out. HPV is the only human host, it is the most like home in the skin and mucous membranes and therefore a high degree of host-specific affinity. [1] transmission of HPV is a ######ually transmitted microbes. It through the skin or mucous membranes of the minor injury, into the skin and mucous membrane contact, HPV stimulate the epidermal basal cells, resulting in division, so that the proliferation of skin damage produced. In 1954, HPV has been shown to be one of the pathogens of ######ually transmitted diseases, and genital warts related to urinary and reproductive system and is contagious. In addition, HPV can be passed between mother and baby close contact with child transmission of the virus occurred. Life, a very small number of cases with HPV may also be due to contact with infected daily necessities such as underwear, bath, or bath towel. Medical research shows that many factors can affect the HPV infection. For example, the 30 women after the age of HPV infection is low. If the husband penis HPV, the wife can increase the risk of cervical HPV infection in 9 times. Even the number of male ######ual partners, HPV infection is also associated with women. Only a single male ######ual partners in women, cervical and genital HPV detection rate was 17% -21%; in 5 or more male partners of women, HPV infection rates as high as 69% -83%. Association for International Cancer Research study shows that male circumcision surgery, which not only HPV infection rates will decline by 14%, female ######ual partners can reduce their risk of cervical cancer. Whether the use of contraceptives can reduce HPV infection, but also there is no consensus view. HPV causes cervical cancer, the mechanism is complicated. Viral DNA integration with the host chromosome, HPV E6, E7 protein abnormal expression of oncogenes and telomerase are all involved. [1] the basic categories of high risk HPV infection and low-risk type. This means that the so-called high-risk people are more prone to cervical cancer. If the infection is low-risk type of HPV, the future may lead to cervical precancerous lesions, or genital warts this type of disease more likely, leading to the possibility of cancer is relatively smaller. According to the strength of pathogenicity, HPV is divided into high-risk and low risk type two, Association for International Cancer Research (IARC) data indicate that, 13 low-risk type of HPV causes genital major, warts and other skin around the anus-like illness and low cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; 15 kinds of high-risk HPV,
nike air force 1 high, particularly 16 and 18 type, height of the main causes of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. [1] is not immediately after the incidence of HPV infection, the length of variable incubation period, usually 1 to 8 months, usually 3 to 4 months. Because HPV is easy in the warm moist environment to survive in the proliferation, it is most likely infected genital area, usually Coronal the penis, the glans, foreskin, frenulum, urethral opening, the size of the labia, clitoris, vaginal vestibule, vagina, cervix, perineal, perianal, etc., even found in the rectum or genital area outside. Beginning when a small, soft pink verrucous papules, gradually increased, increased, the surface uneven, showing nipples, cauliflower, or comb-like; sometimes fused into large clumps, the surface roughness, were white, red or dirty gray . During pregnancy, severe liver disease and autoimmune dysfunction, they can grow rapidly, notably increased. To ulceration, exudation, secondary infection. No symptoms of early or mild itching and late may have pressure, increased vaginal discharge, friction and bleeding. Perianal and genital warts can be a pain in the rectum and tenesmus. Variable disease course, spontaneous regression may be a few months, but there does not go away for years. Taxonomy of Viruses classified by site of infection epithelial HPV1, 5,8,14,20,21,25,47-type mucosal type HPV6, 11,16,18,31,33,35,39,41,45,51,52, 56,58,59,68,70-based cancer classification by low-risk group High-risk groups 6,11,41,42,43,44 16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52 , 56,58,59,68,70-type disease induced by HPV infection caused cervical cancer is not just a culprit, HPV-induced cervical cancer is One may have the same cause, are HPV infection, cervical cancer, as this not entirely clear, but the basic is the case. In the United States, 2000, 4,000 cases of vulvar cancer and 900 deaths, a high mortality rate, 2000 cases of vaginal cancer, 800 patients died,
air force 1 shoes, they are considered, and HPV infections that are closely related, so it is the early detection of HPV and deal with it is very important, the same one the early detection of precancerous lesions is also very important. In the UK, her relatively high throughout the medical standards, in 2003, including carcinoma in situ was CIN3 invasive diagnosis of 10 times, it is easy to understand, most do not develop invasive cancer, precancerous lesions, especially in the CIN3 stage have been diagnosed and dealt with, which is a considerable achievement, it should be said to save the lives of many women, including their health and life. Another concept is the HPV infection in the 30 years of age (18 to 28) of ######ually active young women is not uncommon, and even more common. China already has the appropriate reports that more than ten per cent, 15% in Guangdong, there are other areas 10%, the probability of life can be accumulated to 40%, quite high. Only persistent HPV infection will develop into different levels of CIN or cervical cancer. In general, if an HPV infection is cleared in a year or two can develop into different levels of CIN: CIN1, CIN2, CIN3, another for nearly 10 years, may develop into invasive carcinoma, this timetable has been very clear . If the HPV-positive, then you have 28% chance of developing into a CIN1 or CIN2; if HPV negative, almost no, only 3%; if HPV infection to persist, there may be 1 to 2% of the opportunity to become cervical cancer. That HPV infection is a very common reproductive tract infection, but develop into cancer, just a chance event,
nike air force one high, most people did not happen, but before the CIN is very common. [1] factors or these factors play a role. For example, the HPV infection in a single ###### partner fewer opportunities, less than 20%; if a lot of ######ual partners, do not know how to investigate, to ask out of 5 is not easy to connect up to 70%. Immunocompromised, such as HIV infection, or Hodgkin's disease. Doing a very powerful condyloma, a genital warts, a cervical large cauliflower, broccoli and a large vulva, because the patient used immunosuppressive agents in renal transplantation, although a low degree of HPV, but it is not to contain The warts grow, so the immune status is very important. Viral load is very important, if the patient is a low viral load, HPV-negative than the increase in opportunities is 3 times; but if the virus load is high, then higher than HPV-negative 43 times. Therefore, the load is the impact of HPV CIN occurred in an independent factor. This is the International Agency for Research on Cancer (International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC), in 2004, say it clear, HPV infection is cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer need to factor in that there is no persistent HPV infection in women almost no risk of cervical cancer. [2] HPV types have been found to 200 kinds of HPV, know of the existence of low
HPV diagram
risk types and high-risk, low risk well-known 6,11, 16,18 high-risk In countries and regions have different oncogenic HPV, followed by 58 in China, of course, 51,52 also common, such as Taiwanese, 52 Japanese, relatively high, China is a 16,18,58,58 even more than 18 kinds of trends. This is important, you can talked about vaccines, vaccine is 16,18, such as vaccines to China since China has a considerable number of 58 to cover not the problem. Detection methods, HPV PCR test established the great credit, the real start from the PCR, you can separate the type to have a better detection methods, but PCR is to actually do this and not for clinical research, so it With the U.S. FDA approved the so-called hybrid capture a generation, especially the 2nd generation, this is a very important milestone. [2], PCR detection method is important to understand, but because of contamination, PCR had a false positive problem. But the Hybrid Capture is a very good method. Hybrid Capture 2 FDA approved on behalf of the United States a very good HPV DNA detection methods. Almost 6 million people each year than to accept the HC2 test, which is a very big change, indicating that HPV testing everyone a very high degree of attention and application. HC2 test has very good sensitivity, especially a very good negative predictive value, up to 99%; that is if HC2 test is negative, then you can believe that this person is not infected with HPV, it is very important. HC2 detected a high degree of automation and standardization, human factors rarely, unlike cells each see a different look, you can also do a lot. [2] The development of human papilloma virus (HPV) most commonly caused by ######ually transmitted, there are two thousand million people in the United States alone, dyed disease. HPV (human papillomavirus) is the second Because HPV infection through the skin directly, the use of condoms can not prevent. Around the world four hundred forty million people who were HPV infection, at least half a million women are diagnosed with cervical cancer, most of these occur in developing countries. HPV that cause cervical cancer and genital warts commonly known as They are widely present in the adult population, came and went without a trace, without any symptoms. Types 6 and 11 can cause genital warts for both ######es. The wart itself is not cancer, but its the pain and trauma caused indescribable. However, the indirect high-risk HPV infection can lead to cervical cancer type, cancer, other genital or anal cancer. These high-risk types of about 19 different kinds, which causes cervical cancer, 16 and 18, the most common type. Since the 19th century, the medical community has been aware of cervical cancer and the social, economic, cultural and behavioral factors that are closely related. Virgins, nuns, and nuns, their lives are not cervical cancer, early marriage of women have early cervical cancer is easy. The medical community at that time advocated male circumcision, smoking and other personal hygiene. Also believed that HPV is cervical cancer in women, men, carcinoma of the penis causes. Cervical cancer is an infectious disease that is preventable, treatable, the cure and elimination. Cervical cancer is due to human papillomavirus infection. If we can prevent HPV infection, it can be said to be able to prevent cervical cancer; If there is no HPV infection, can be said that will not get cervical cancer. It is now been finalized, it is well-established at the meeting. Here talked about cervical cancer, cervix carcinoma means, referred to CC. In general, cervical cancer is invasive; other precancerous lesions, called CIN, including cervical carcinoma in situ, which it owned in the CIN3. If invasive cancer, cervical cancer is called a. [1] prevention should be 6 months to a hospital for a cervical smear examination. In the usual life, pay attention to improve their resistance. The second to avoid cross infection between husband and wife, ###### better wear a condom. [3] treatment of HPV infection has no cure, whether Chinese or Western medicine. Treatment is focused on improving the body's immunity, resistance. Therefore, the treatment from the Western point of view, that is, by increasing the local resistance. This class of drugs such as interferon. Traditional Chinese medicine is also assisted by the implementation of treatment. HPV is no specific drug treatment, in fact, there is no treatment for the virus, interferon and other improvements are not directly correspond to the virus immunization, HPV, but HPV does not mean easy spread of cancer, particularly HPV antibodies in the blood that was infected with only HPV, cervical secretion, or shedding, etc. found in the case of HPV that most people in one or two years to heal. ######ually transmitted diseases generally considered to be ######ual contact, or contact with secretions of patients with ######ually transmitted diseases (including sweat) infection is not transmitted through the air, this is because the resistance is limited, too Kangbu Zhu invasion might not represent all The virus can cause the disease, commonly known as the possibility of cervical cancer, HPV infection is recommended in patients with HPV and cancer should be checked annually for early treatment of cervical cancer. After all, just life, the women also hope to maintain normal function, early treatment, less damage, can not affect life. Should also be noted that not ###### life - the infection of HPV-cervical cancer causes of cervical cancer in this seed, unmarried women with cervical cancer may also, of course, much smaller probability. [4] HPV check description: HPV is HPV (Human Papillomavirus) abbreviation. HPV is mainly checking to see whether you carry the HPV virus, generally speaking, HPV virus can cause cervical cancer. Check the normal HPV: HPV, including HPV6, 11,42,
nike air force 1,43,44 and other types, often cause genital warts and other benign lesions, including low-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions (CIN I), high-risk type of HPV including HPV16, 18, 31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59,68 other type of cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial lesion (CIN II / III) related to the occurrence, especially HPV16 and 18 . Does not belong to this range, all is normal. Check the clinical significance of HPV: abnormal results: women infected with HPV, about 30% -50% of women with mild cervical epithelial cells appears lesions,
air force one low nike, but most women will clear the virus within 3-4 months time to normal Therefore, if during this time check both HPV and cytology, HPV-negative and cytology will appear as abnormal phenomenon. Need to check the crowd: In the vaginal examination, showing superficial erosion, there is contact bleeding; medium often increased vaginal discharge, fishy, irregular vaginal bleeding, sacral,
nike air force one low, buttocks and thighs of persistent pain, bladder, rectum invasion can occur when the bladder, bowel disorders, such as performance. Atlas Atlas entry for more references Secret 1
human papillomavirus (HPV) and pictures
http://health.bowenwang.com.cn/hpv.htm
2
What is HPV
http://www.shenmeshi.com/Health/Heal...2151741_3.html
3
HPV that? how to avoid?
http://120.hinews.cn/page.php?xuh=12528
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HPV is what
http://www.gongjingmilan88.com/htm/2009918 / 496.htm
Further reading: 1
(English) Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, et al (1999 years). Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J. Pathol., 189 (1): 129. doi: 10.1002 / (SICI) 1096-9896 (199909) 189:1 3.0.CO; 2-F. PMID 10451482. Open Category: diseases, medicine, gynecology, I have to perfect the human body
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