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providers Microsoft Windows
The newest Windows release, Windows 7, showing the desktop and begin menu Business / developer
Microsoft Programmed in
C, C++ and Assembly language[1] OS family
Windows 9x, Windows CE and Windows NT Doing work state
Publicly released Resource design
Closed source / Shared resource Original release
November 20, 1985 (1985-11-20) (as Windows 1.0) Most current stable release
Windows seven, Windows Server 2008 R2
NT 6.one Build 7601 (6.one.7601.17514.101119-1850)  (February 22, 2011; 58 days ago (2011-02-22)) [+/−] Latest unstable release
None [+/−] Marketing target
Personal computing Available language(s)
Multilingual (listing of available Windows seven language packs) Update method
Windows Update Supported platforms
IA-32, x86-64 and Itanium Kernel type
Hybrid Default user interface
Graphical (Windows Explorer) License
Proprietary commercial software Official website
windows.microsoft.com
Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating systems and graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows on November twenty, 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).[2] Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal computer market, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. As of October 2009, Windows had approximately 91% of the market share of the client operating systems for usage on the Internet.[3][4][5] The most recent client version of Windows is Windows seven; the most recent server version is Windows Server 2008 R2; the most recent mobile OS version is Windows Phone seven.
1 Versions 1.one Early versions
1.2 Windows 3.0 and 3.one
1.3 Windows 95, 98, and Me
1.4 Windows NT household 1.4.one 64-bit operating systems one.5 Windows CE
1.6 Future of Windows 2 History
3 Timeline of releases
4 Usage share
5 Security 5.1 File permissions
5.2 Windows Defender
5.3 Third-party analysis 6 Emulation software
seven See also
8 References
9 External links Versions
The term Windows collectively describes any or all of several generations of Microsoft operating system products. These products are generally categorized as follows:
Early versions
The history of Windows dates back to September 1981, when Chase Bishop, a computer scientist, designed the first model of an electronic device and project "Interface Manager" was started. It was announced in November 1983 (after the Apple Lisa, but before the Macintosh) under the name "Windows", but Windows 1.0 was not released until November 1985.[6] The shell of Windows one.0 was a program known as the MS-DOS Executive. Other supplied programs were Calculator, Calendar, Cardfile, Clipboard viewer, Clock, Control Panel, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal, and Write. Windows one.0 did not allow overlapping windows. Instead all windows were tiled. Only dialog boxes could appear over other windows.
Windows 2.0 was released in October 1987 and featured several improvements to the user interface and memory management.[6] Windows 2.0 allowed application windows to overlap each other and also introduced more sophisticated keyboard-shortcuts. It could also make use of expanded memory.
Windows 2.1 was introduced in two different versions: Windows/386 employed the 386 virtual 8086 mode to multitask several DOS programs, and the paged memory model to emulate expanded memory using available extended memory. Windows/286 (which, despite its name, would run on the 8086) still ran in real mode, but could make use of the high memory area.
The early versions of Windows were often thought of as simply graphical user interfaces, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and used it for file system providers.[7] However, even the earliest 16-bit Windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions; notably,Microsoft Office Enterprise 2007, having their own executable file format and providing their own device drivers (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound) for applications. Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications at the same time, through cooperative multitasking. Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme, which allowed it to run applications larger than available memory: code segments and resources were swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce, and data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control.
Windows 3.0 and 3.1
Windows 3.0 (1990) and Windows 3.one (1992) improved the design, mostly because of virtual memory and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) that allowed them to share arbitrary devices between multitasked DOS windows.[citation needed] Also, Windows applications could now run in protected mode (when Windows was running in Standard or 386 Enhanced Mode), which gave them access to several megabytes of memory and removed the obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They still ran inside the same address space, where the segmented memory provided a degree of protection, and multi-tasked cooperatively. For Windows 3.0, Microsoft also rewrote critical operations from C into assembly.
Windows 95, 98, and Me
Windows 95 was introduced in August 1995, featuring a new user interface, support for long file names of up to 255 characters, and the ability to automatically detect and configure installed hardware (plug and play). It could natively run 32-bit applications, and featured several technological improvements that increased its stability over Windows 3.1. There were several OEM Service Releases (OSR) of Windows 95, each of which was roughly equivalent to a service pack.
Microsoft's next release was Windows 98 in June 1998. Microsoft introduced a second version of Windows 98 in May 1999, named Windows 98 Second Edition (often shortened to Windows 98 SE).
In February 2000, Windows 2000 was introduced, followed by Windows Me in September 2000 (Me standing for Millennium Edition). Windows Me updated the core from Windows 98, but adopted some aspects of Windows 2000 and removed the "boot in DOS mode" option. It also added a new feature called System Restore, allowing the user to set the computer's settings back to an earlier date.
Windows NT family
The NT loved ones of Windows systems was fashioned and marketed for higher reliability business use. The first release was NT 3.one (1993), numbered "3.1" to match the consumer Windows version, which was followed by NT 3.5 (1994), NT 3.51 (1995), NT 4.0 (1996), and Windows 2000, which is the last NT-based Windows release that does not include Microsoft Product Activation. Windows NT 4.0 was the first in this line to implement the "Windows 95" user interface (and the first to include Windows 95’s built-in 32-bit runtimes).
Microsoft then moved to combine their consumer and business operating systems with Windows XP that was released in August 2001. It came both in home and professional versions (and later niche market versions for tablet PCs and media centers); they also diverged release schedules for server operating systems. Windows Server 2003, launched a year and a half after Windows XP, brought Windows Server up to date with Windows XP. After a lengthy development process, Windows Vista was released toward the end of 2006, and its server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 was introduced in early 2008. On July 22, 2009, Windows seven and Windows Server 2008 R2 were launched as RTM (release to manufacturing). Windows seven was introduced on October 22, 2009.
64-bit operating systems
Windows NT included support for several different platforms before the x86-based personal computer became dominant in the professional world. Versions of NT from 3.1 to 4.0 variously supported PowerPC, DEC Alpha and MIPS R4000, some of which were 64-bit processors, although the operating system treated them as 32-bit processors.
With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture (also known as IA-64),Microsoft Office 2007 Key, Microsoft introduced new versions of Windows to support it. Itanium versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 (32-bit) counterparts. On April 25, 2005, Microsoft launched Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions to support the x86-64 (or x64 in Microsoft terminology) architecture. Microsoft dropped support for the Itanium version of Windows XP in 2005. Windows Vista was the first end-user version of Windows that Microsoft released simultaneously in x86 and x64 editions. Windows Vista does not support the Itanium architecture. The modern 64-bit Windows family members comprises AMD64/Intel64 versions of Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008, in both Itanium and x64 editions. Windows Server 2008 R2 drops the 32-bit version, although Windows seven does not.
Windows CE
Windows CE (officially known as Windows Embedded Compact), is an edition of Windows that runs on minimalistic computers, like satellite navigation systems and some mobile phones. Windows Embedded Compact is based on its own dedicated kernel, dubbed Windows CE kernel. Microsoft licenses Windows CE to OEMs and device makers. The OEMs and device makers can modify and create their own user interfaces and experiences, while Windows CE provides the technical foundation to do so.
Windows CE was used in the Dreamcast along with Sega's own proprietary OS for the console. Windows CE is the core from which Windows Mobile is derived. Microsoft's most recent mobile OS, Windows Phone seven, is based on components from both Windows CE 6.0 R3 and the upcoming Windows CE 7.0.
Windows Embedded Compact is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded or Windows NT 4.0 Embedded, modular editions of Windows based on Windows NT kernel.
Future of Windows
Windows 8, the successor to Windows 7, is currently in development. Microsoft has posted a blog entry in Dutch on October 22, 2010 hinting that Windows 8 will be released after 2 years.[8] Also, during the pre-Consumer Electronics Show keynote, Microsoft's CEO announced that Windows 8 will also run on ARM CPUs. Since ARM CPUs are usually in the form of SOCs found in mobile devices, this new announcement implies that Windows 8 will be more compatible with mobile devices such as netbooks, tablet personal computers, and smartphones.[9]
History
Microsoft has taken two parallel routes in its operating systems. One route has been for the home user and the other has been for the professional IT user. The dual routes have generally led to home versions having greater multimedia support and less functionality in networking and security, and professional versions having inferior multimedia support and better networking and security.[citation needed]
The first version of Microsoft Windows, version one.0, launched in November 1985, lacked a degree of functionality and achieved little popularity, and was to compete with Apple’s own operating system.[citation needed] Windows one.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. Microsoft Windows version 2.0 was launched in November 1987 and was slightly more popular than its predecessor. Windows 2.03 (release date January 1988) had changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple's copyrights.[10][11]
Microsoft Windows version 3.0, launched in 1990, was the first Microsoft Windows version to achieve broad commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months.[12][13] It featured improvements to the user interface and to multitasking capabilities. It received a facelift in Windows 3.1, made generally available on March 1, 1992. Windows 3.1 support ended on December 31, 2001.[14]
In July 1993, Microsoft introduced Windows NT based on a new kernel. Windows NT 3.one was the first release of Windows NT. NT was considered to be the professional OS and was the first Windows version to utilize preemptive multitasking.[citation needed] Windows NT would later be retooled to also function as a home operating system, with Windows XP.
On August 24, 1995, Microsoft released Windows 95, a new, and major, consumer version that made further changes to the user interface, and also used preemptive multitasking. Windows 95 was designed to replace not only Windows 3.one, but also Windows for Workgroups, and MS-DOS. It was also the first Windows operating system to use Plug and Play capabilities. The changes Windows 95 brought to the desktop were revolutionary, as opposed to evolutionary, such as those in Windows 98 and Windows Me. Mainstream support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2000 and extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.[15]
The next in the consumer line was Microsoft Windows 98 launched on June 25, 1998. It was followed with the release of Windows 98 Second Edition (Windows 98 SE) in 1999. Mainstream support for Windows 98 ended on June 30, 2002 and extended support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.[16]
As part of its "professional" line, Microsoft introduced Windows 2000 in February 2000. During 2004 part of the Supply Code for Windows 2000 was leaked onto the Internet. This was bad for Microsoft as the same kernel used in Windows 2000 was used in Windows XP. The consumer version following Windows 98 was Windows Me (Windows Millennium Edition). Introduced in September 2000, Windows Me implemented a number of new technologies for Microsoft: most notably publicized was "Universal Plug and Play". Windows Me was heavily criticized due to slowness,Office 2010 Professional, freezes and hardware problems.
In October 2001, Microsoft introduced Windows XP, a version built on the Windows NT kernel that also retained the consumer-oriented usability of Windows 95 and its successors. This new version was widely praised in computer magazines.[17] It shipped in two distinct editions, "Home" and "Professional", the former lacking many of the superior security and networking features of the Professional edition. Additionally, the first "Media Center" edition was released in 2002,[18] with an emphasis on support for DVD and TV functionality including program recording and a remote control. Mainstream support for Windows XP ended on April 14, 2009. Extended support will continue until April 8, 2014.[19]
In April 2003, Windows Server 2003 was introduced, replacing the Windows 2000 line of server products with a number of new features and a strong focus on security; this was followed in December 2005 by Windows Server 2003 R2.
On January 30, 2007, Microsoft released Windows Vista. It contains a number of new features, from a redesigned shell and user interface to significant technical changes, with a particular focus on security features. It is available in a number of different editions, and has been subject to some criticism.
On October 22, 2009, Microsoft released Windows 7. Unlike its predecessor, Windows Vista, which introduced a large number of new features, Windows seven was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware which Windows Vista was not at the time.[20] Windows seven has multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows shell with a new taskbar,Microsoft Office Enterprise 2007, referred to as the Superbar, a home networking system called HomeGroup,[21] and performance improvements.
Timeline of releases Timeline of releases Release date
Product name
Current Version / Build
Notes
Last IE November 1985
Windows 1.01
1.01
Unsupported
— November 1987
Windows 2.03
2.03
Unsupported
— May 1988
Windows 2.10
2.10
Unsupported
— March 1989
Windows 2.11
2.11
Unsupported
— May 1990
Windows 3.0
3.0
Unsupported
— March 1992
Windows 3.1x
3.one
Unsupported
5 October 1992
Windows For Workgroups 3.1
3.one
Unsupported
5 July 1993
Windows NT 3.1
NT 3.one
Unsupported
5 December 1993
Windows For Workgroups 3.11
3.11
Unsupported
5 January 1994
Windows 3.2 (released in Simplified Chinese only)
3.2
Unsupported
5 September 1994
Windows NT 3.5
NT 3.5
Unsupported
5 May 1995
Windows NT 3.51
NT 3.51
Unsupported
5 August 1995
Windows 95
4.0.950
Unsupported[15]
5.5 July 1996
Windows NT 4.0
NT 4.0.1381
Unsupported[22]
6 June 1998
Windows 98
4.10.1998
Unsupported[16]
6 May 1999
Windows 98 SE
4.10.2222
Unsupported[23]
6 February 2000
Windows 2000
NT 5.0.2195
Unsupported[24]
6 September 2000
Windows Me
4.90.3000
Unsupported[25]
6 October 2001
Windows XP
NT 5.one.2600
Extended Support for SP3 until April 8, 2014. (RTM, SP1 and SP2 unsupported).
8 March 2003
Windows XP 64-bit Edition (IA-64)
NT 5.2.3790
Unsupported
6 April 2003
Windows Server 2003
NT 5.2.3790
Extended Support for SP2 until July 14, 2015. (RTM and SP1 unsupported).
8 April 2005
Windows XP Professional x64 Edition
NT 5.2.3790
Extended Support for SP2 until April 8, 2014. (RTM and SP1 unsupported).
8 July 2006
Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs
NT 5.1.2600
Current
8 November 2006 (volume licensing)
January 2007 (retail)
Windows Vista
NT 6.0.6002
Current (RTM unsupported).
Version changed to NT 6.0.6001 with SP1 (February 4, 2008) and to NT 6.0.6002 with SP2 (April 28, 2009).
9 July 2007
Windows Home Server
NT 5.2.4500
Current
8 February 2008
Windows Server 2008
NT 6.0.6002
Current
Version changed to NT 6.0.6002 with SP2 (April 28, 2009).
9 October 2009[26]
Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2
NT 6.one.7601
Current
Version changed to NT 6.1.7601 with SP1 (February 22, 2011)
9 April 2011
Windows Home Server 2011
NT 6.1.8400
Current
9 Usage share Source
Net Market Share[27]
W3Counter[28]
Global Stats[29]
StatOwl[30]
W3Schools[31] Date
March 2011
March 2011
March 2011
March 2011
March 2011 All versions
89.58%
82.76%
91.58%
86.75%
86% Windows XP
54.39%
40.46%
47.32%
40.14%
42.9% Windows 7
24.17%
29.13%
30.6%
28.08%
34.1% Windows Vista
10.56%
12.83%
13.66%
17.12%
7.9% Windows Server 2003
—
0.18%
—
1.19%
0.9% Windows 2000
0.25%
0.16%
—
0.22%
0.2% Windows NT 4.0
0.16%
—
—
—
— Windows 98
0.03%
—
—
—
— Windows CE
0.02%
—
—
—
— Security
Consumer versions of Windows were originally designed for ease-of-use on a single-user PC without a network connection, and did not have security features built in from the outset.[32] However, Windows NT and its successors are designed for security (including on a network) and multi-user PCs, but were not initially designed with Internet security in mind as much, since, when it was first developed in the early 1990s, Internet use was less prevalent.[33]
These design issues combined with programming errors (e.g. buffer overflows) and the popularity of Windows means that it is a frequent target of computer worm and virus writers. In June 2005, Bruce Schneier’s Counterpane Internet Security reported that it had seen over one,000 new viruses and worms in the previous six months.[34] In 2005, Kaspersky Lab found around 11,000 malicious programs—viruses, Trojans, back-doors, and exploits written for Windows.[35]
Microsoft releases security patches through its Windows Update service approximately once a month (usually the second Tuesday of the month), although critical updates are made available at shorter intervals when necessary.[36] In versions of Windows after and including Windows 2000 SP3 and Windows XP, updates can be automatically downloaded and installed if the user selects to do so. As a result, Service Pack 2 for Windows XP, as well as Service Pack one for Windows Server 2003, were installed by users more quickly than it otherwise might have been.[37]
While the Windows 9x series offered the option of having profiles for multiple users, they had no concept of access privileges, and did not allow concurrent access; and so were not true multi-user operating systems. In addition, they implemented only partial memory protection. They were accordingly widely criticised for lack of security.
The Windows NT series of operating systems, by contrast, are true multi-user, and implement absolute memory protection. However, a lot of the advantages of being a true multi-user operating system were nullified by the fact that, prior to Windows Vista, the first user account created during the setup process was an administrator account, which was also the default for new accounts. Though Windows XP did have limited accounts, the majority of home users did not change to an account type with fewer rights – partially due to the number of programs which unnecessarily required administrator rights – and so most home users ran as administrator all the time.
Windows Vista changes this[38] by introducing a privilege elevation system called User Account Control. When logging in as a standard user, a logon session is created and a token containing only the most basic privileges is assigned. In this way, the new logon session is incapable of making changes that would affect the entire system. When logging in as a user in the Administrators group, two separate tokens are assigned. The first token contains all privileges typically awarded to an administrator, and the second is a restricted token similar to what a standard user would receive. User applications, including the Windows Shell, are then started with the restricted token, resulting in a reduced privilege environment even under an Administrator account. When an application requests higher privileges or "Run as administrator" is clicked, UAC will prompt for confirmation and, if consent is given (including administrator credentials if the account requesting the elevation is not a member of the administrators group), commence the process using the unrestricted token.[39]
File permissions
All Windows versions from Windows NT 3 have been based on a file system permission system referred to as AGLP (Accounts, Global, Local, Permissions) AGDLP which in essence where file permissions are applied to the file/folder in the form of a 'local group' which then has other 'global groups' as members. These global groups then hold other groups or users depending on different Windows versions used. This system varies from other vendor products such as Linux and NetWare due to the 'static' allocation of permission being applied directory to the file or folder. However using this process of AGLP/AGDLP/AGUDLP allows a small number of static permissions to be applied and allows for easy changes to the account groups without reapplying the file permissions on the files and folders.
Windows Defender
On January 6, 2005, Microsoft released a Beta version of Microsoft AntiSpyware, based upon the previously released Giant AntiSpyware. On February 14, 2006, Microsoft AntiSpyware became Windows Defender with the release of Beta 2. Windows Defender is a freeware program designed to protect against spyware and other unwanted software. Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 users who have genuine copies of Microsoft Windows can freely download the program from Microsoft's web site, and Windows Defender ships as part of Windows Vista and seven.[40]
Third-party analysis
In an article based on a report by Symantec,[41] internetnews.com has described Microsoft Windows as having the "fewest number of patches and the shortest average patch development time of the five operating systems it monitored in the last six months of 2006."[42]
A study conducted by Kevin Mitnick and marketing communications firm Avantgarde in 2004 found that an unprotected and unpatched Windows XP system with Service Pack one lasted only 4 minutes on the Internet before it was compromised, and an unprotected and also unpatched Windows Server 2003 system was compromised after being connected to the internet for 8 hours.[43] However, it is important to note that this study does not apply to Windows XP systems running the Service Pack 2 update (launched in late 2004), which vastly improved the security of Windows XP.[citation needed] The computer that was running Windows XP Service Pack 2 was not compromised. The AOL National Cyber Security Alliance Online Safety Study of October 2004 determined that 80% of Windows users were infected by at least one spyware/adware product.[citation needed] Much documentation is available describing how to increase the security of Microsoft Windows products. Typical suggestions include deploying Microsoft Windows behind a hardware or software firewall, running anti-virus and anti-spyware software, and installing patches as they become available through Windows Update.[44]
Emulation software
Emulation allows the use of some Windows applications without using Microsoft Windows. These include:
Wine – a free and open resource software implementation of the Windows API, allowing one to run many Windows applications on x86-based platforms, including Linux and Mac OS X. Wine developers refer to it as a "compatibility layer";[45] and make use of Windows-style APIs to emulate the Windows environment. CrossOver – A Wine package with licensed fonts. Its developers are regular contributors to Wine, and focus on Wine running officially supported applications.
Cedega – TransGaming Technologies' proprietary fork of Wine, designed specifically for running games written for Microsoft Windows under Linux. A version of Cedega known as Cider is used by some video game publishers to allow Windows games to run on Mac OS X. Since Wine was licensed under the LGPL,Office 2007 Key, Cedega has been unable to port the improvements made to Wine to their proprietary codebase. Cedega ceased its service in February 2011.
Darwine – A bundling of Wine to the PowerPC Macs running OS X by running Wine on top of QEMU. Intel Macs use the same Wine as other *NIX x86 systems. ReactOS – An open-source OS that is intended to run the same software as Windows, originally designed to simulate Windows NT 4.0, now aiming at Windows XP and Vista/7 compatibility. It has been in the development stage since 1996. See also Architecture of the Windows NT operating system line
Criticism of Microsoft Windows
Comparison of operating systems
Comparison of Windows and Linux
Comparison of Windows versions
List of Microsoft Windows components
List of operating systems
Wintel References External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Microsoft Windows Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Official website
Microsoft Developer Network
Windows Client Developer Resources
Microsoft Windows History Timeline
Pearson Education, InformIT – History of Microsoft Windows
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and
recognition Licensing Conferences Criticism Litigation Acquisitions Annual Revenue: $62.484 billion USD (2010) · Employees: 89,000 (2010) · Stock Symbol: MSFT · Website: microsoft.com
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