Haiti:the Magic Land
HAITI: THE MAGIC LAND
By Alejandro Guevara Onofre
INTRODUCTION
In 1492 Christopher Columbus wrote about Haiti: "The most beautiful in the world". Certainly, Haiti is a excellent country in the Caribbean. I think that has a special beauty, with a geography and traditional culture that is totally different from all the other countries in Latin America.
Now, this essay is a historical information about Haiti, the first black republic in the modern history and one of the poorest nations on Earth. Each chapter provides details on history, economy, biographies, sport, medals, foreign relations, culture and other important appearances of Haiti. The people that don’t know Haiti very much think that Haiti is only one of the world’s poorest countries, but the Island is known for its traditional culture, hospitality, superstitions, history. Furthermore, Haiti is the home to National Park History, one of the archaic wonders of the world, and popular women such as Edwidge Danticat and Micha?lle Jean were born there.
Since then, the dictatorships have broke Haitian society, economy, ecology and sport. Since 1950, two million Haitian people emigrated to the United States and other countries. Haitian-American arrived from Haiti with nothing more than their raiment. If we liken the Haiti of today to Haiti of thirty years ago, we see a change: a new multiparty democracy.
Today, a vast chapter of the Third World and more than a billion people are under dictatorships.
Eventually, I would like to finish my introduction with a information by Albert Mangones: "Haiti is unique in history, going directly from slavery to nationhood".
CHRONOLOGY:
1492: Columbus discovered Haiti in the 15th Century.
1520-1697: Haiti is a Spanish territory. In the late 1500 and early 1600, African slaves flocked to Island.
1697-1790: Haiti is a French colony. After 16th Century, Haiti became the most important French colony in the Americas. Island′s export to Europe included sugar, coffee and corn. The beauty of Haiti is acknowledged by the French in the mid-1700 Century, while they shrieked it "Pearl the Caribbean".
1790-1803: During the French colonization slaves suffers from maltreatment. By the late 1790, pro-independence demonstrations. An Anti-slavery action beneath Toussaint L′Ouverture began. L′Ouverture is one of the most important black leaders in the history.During this phase of time, Haitian slaves bombard villages. Anti-French protests riots brutally suppressed. By the late 1803, below mastery of Jean Jacques Dessalines, Haiti militia vanquished the French forces at the Battle of Vertieres.
1804-1806:A French colony for extra than hundred years, Haiti becomes neutral, 1 of the maximum momentous accidents in the history. Jean Jacques Dessalines became the 1st premier of fashionable republic of Haiti, the 1st dark republic in the modern history. Dessalines namely the "Father of Modern Haiti". Haiti occupies the Western third of Hispaniola, the second-largest Island in the Caribbean.
1804-1820: Unfortunately; Haiti is divided into 2 areas. Northern Haiti is occupied by Henri Christopher, who is appointed Emperor, while the northwardly is occupied by Alexander Petion. Petion is probably the greatest Haitian politician who ever lived.
1880: Haiti has one of the richest ecosystems in the Caribbean.
1900: Haiti′s modern political has been tumultuous, marked by dictatorships
1915-1934: Haiti has not had an efficient citizen government Invasion by United States forces. US crews sent to Haiti during civil sub-war.
1918: The Presidential Palace, one of the best national palaces in the world, is originally designed by the Haitian Georges Bassan. Bassan is inspired to White House Washington.
1926: Emily Greene Balch, a human rights activist, went to Haiti.
1928: Cator is the only Haitian ever to win olympic silver medal. After, Haitian athlete Sylvio Cator crashes the men’s long jump record in Paris. Cator was given a hero’s welcome when he returned to his country.
1937: In the Dominican Republic, Rafael Leonidas Trujillo mandated national troops to slaughter of 20000 Haitian aliens.
1940-1950: Haiti is one of the most popular peregrination destinations in the Caribbean.
1944: Dewitt Peters, an American school-teacher, founded the Centre d’Art in Port -au-Prince Since 1944, Centre d’Art became the navel of the Haitian painting. It is now one of Haiti′s biggest tourist attractions, and each year thousands of people came to see the paintings and other work of Haitian art.
1945: Haiti becomes the 26th member of the United Nations in October.
1956: Haiti establishes diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan).
1956: Daniel Fignolé is President of the Provisional Council and Head of State of Haiti
1957-1971:After working for a time as a traditional physician, Francois Duvalier became one of Haiti’s most noted doctors. In 1957, Duvalier is selected President of the Republic of Haiti. President Duvalier announced: "My government ambition guarantee the discipline of freedom to all Haitians". Francois Duvalier, too known for his nickname "Papa Doc", emerged for Head of State and rapidly acquired nearly total power. In 1961 "Papa Doc" rewrote the National Constitution. After, he became the first "President for Eternity of Haiti". In the 1960s and 1970s "Papa Doc" popularizes superstitions ideas to Haiti via a array of important voodoo rites. The Duvalier dictatorship instituted rig reception censorship. International agencies inform administration of grave people rights abuses. His regime of fear resulted in the deaths of fewest 30000 Haitian. The Island is one of the most dangerous countries in the Third World.
1957-1981: Haitian First Lady Simone Ovide became one of the most dominant women in the history of Haiti. Simone, wife of the most famous dictator of Haiti, gained in affect and power through corruption and crime.
1957-1989: For many decades, Haiti does not have diplomatic relations with the USSR, People’s Republic of China, Cuba, Hungary, South Africa and East Germany.
1960: The Tonton Macoutes, the wild secret police, initiated a "Haitian genocide" in which political prisoners were tortured and executed.
1964: Joseph Eduard Gaetjens, the idol of millions of Haitians, is arrested and annihilated by the Tonton Macoutes, the cursed Haitian secluded police. Like John Barnes (Jamaica) and Everald "Gally" Cummings (Trinidad Tobago), he was a large footballer in the Caribbean. After, Gaetjens become a world symbol of the skirmish opposition fascism in the Third World. He had dual Haitian and American nationality and played by 1950 World Cup for the United States. Son of Haitian mother and Belgium dad, he played for numerous unions in the United States. The year 1950 was a quite important year for Gaetjens: the United States blow England 1-0, the birthplace of the modern football.
1964: Francois Duvalier changed the national flag. Black and red are the colors chosen by Duvalier. Black, which is similar to the Angolan flag, represents the offsprings of the patriot Francois Toussaint L’Ouverture and is also the traditional color of the Haitian people. While, red symbolizes the country`s independence. But the incipient flag, accustomed since 1803, was cleared in 1986 by order of the new government.
1966: Haile Selassie, the Emperor of Ethiopia, arrives in Port-au-Prince. Under the leadership of Dictator Francois Duvalier, many African countries nourish official foreign relations with Haiti.
1967: The Comedians, a membrane by British adviser Peter Glenville, inspired in the bloody Haitian dictatorship by the Duvalier home.
1971: After Duvalier’s death, power passed to his son Jean Claude Duvalier, the man who became known throughout the world as "Baby Doc". Baby Doc is as arbitrary as his father. Haiti is ruled by iron hand. Duvalier, best known for his anticommunist political, is omnipresent. Many opposition leaders were arrested. He is accused of human rights abuses. Thousand of Haitian people fled the country. Corruption is frequent at all levels of government. The health system is one of the worst in the Americas.
1974: The sporting system is one of the worst in the Third World, but Haiti qualified for the 1974 FIFA World Cup. Haiti beat Trinidad-Tobago in the World Cup qualifiers. Is one of the greatest sporting moment, in the chronology, comparing it to something like Sylvio Cator, who won a silver medal in long jump in the 1928 Olympics Games in Holland.
1975: In El Salvador, Miss Haiti, Gerthie David, is named first runner up at Miss Universe Pageant… transmitting live to millions by CBS. After, Gerthie David is acclaimed in Port-au-Prince as a national heroine. Miss Haiti contended with 71 other women from around the world for the title of Miss Universe, including Miss America, Summer Barthollomew.
1980: Like Canada, West Germany South Korea and Kenya, Haiti boycott the Moscow Olympic Games in protest for Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
1980-1986: Jean-Claude Duvalier, Haiti’s longtime dictator, married Michelle Bennett, an aristocratic madam. A tiny more than three months after, Bennett-Duvalier becomes First Lady of Haiti. Like Eva Peron (Argentina) or Jiang Qing (People’s Republic of China), she was a woman with great power. Michelle Bennett promoted her mulatto countrymen to situations of leadership in the dictatorship at his outlay of the African-Haitians.
1982: The National History Park (La Citadelle Laferriere, Sans Souci Palace and Ramiers) is designated as a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO. Like Machu Picchu (Peru) and Angkor What (Cambodia), the National History Park is considered among the surprises of the world.
1982: Ronald Agenor wins a gold medal in men’s tennis singles at the Central American and Caribbean Sports Games La Havana. He captures the centers of the Island.
1983: Pope John Paul arrives in Haiti for a visit. "Things most change here", said John Paul II.
1986: As Jean-Claude consolidated his power, he consistently refused to consider constitutional reform. The insurrection against the dictator Jean Claude Duvalier began…Antigovernment protesters in the capital. Many deaths, injuries and arrests. Seeming end to long Haitian dictatorship with fall of Duvalier regime.
1987: Haiti has one of the America’s rates of HIV infection
1987: The New Constitution restored many of the liberties abolished by the Duvalier family. The National Constitution recognizes both French and Creole as official languages. A new opposition emerged under Jean-Bertrand Aristide.
1988: Writer Rene Depestre wins the Prix Ranandot. Depestre, a Haitian dissident now living in France, was cited his novel Hadriana dans tous mes reves. By the mid-1980s Rene Depestre had become well known in literacy surrounds outside Haiti.
1990: Ertha Pascall-Trouillot becomes the first black woman elected of head of state in the world.
1990: First multi-party referenda. Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a charismatic black leader, was elected president of Haiti. Aristide is the first democratic president since 1804.He was elected with the most popular support of any Haitian presidential applicant in the history.
1991: Military coup in the country. Raoul Cedras, chairman of the coup, emerged as head of the new government. This year marked the end of 8 months of democracy. Under new government, all political parties were dissolved.
1991-1995: Like Equatorial Guinea, Cuba and North Korea, Haiti has one of the most serious human rights problems in the Third World.
1993: United Nations levied economic sanctions on Haiti, one of the most densely populated countries in the Americas.
1994: Peaceful occupation by United States forces to restore democratic electoral system. Raoul Cedras and his family went into banish in Panama City. Aristide was restored to power.
1995: In Port-au-Prince, sub-war violence includes manslaughter of Meireille Durocher Bertin.
1995: In Beijing, the capital of city of the People’s Republic of China, Haiti participated in the UN`s Fourth World Conference on Women
1996:More than 5,000 Haitians had been killed and miles more fled to overseas, United States, Canada, Bahamas and Dominican Republic, since 1991.
1998: Haitian president Renè Garcia Preval arrives in Taipei (Taiwan) for a four-day state visit. He and President Lee will sign a communiqué to reinforce bilateral friendship and cooperation.
1999: Dominican president Leonel Fernandez visit to Haiti as part of a new diplomacy.
2002: In Paris, Dudley Dorival finished 3rd in the 110 hurdles at the World Championships. He becomes the first Haitian to win an individual multinational prize since 1928.Dorival was connate in New Jersey, United States, to Haitian parents ashore 1 September 1975. He in 2000 officially became a inhabitant of Haiti.
2000: Haiti is one of the thirty poorest countries in the Third World.
2000-2001: The elections were boycotted by the main opposition political parties. Aristide was another elected President. Widespread violent in Haiti declare that Aristide’s election victory is fraudulent. Total political censorship exists in national medium.
2004: This year Haiti is celebrating the 200th Anniversary of their National Independence. President Jean-Bertrand Aristide of Haiti flees to Central African Republic emulating anti-government demonstrations. Haiti has one of the most violent clash districts in the Americas. After, UN troops sent to Haiti during civil sub-war.
2006: Rene Preval is sworn in as President of Haiti. Since the peaceful transmit of power in February, Haiti is the newest democracy in the Third World.
ECONOMY
Like Bangladesh, Uganda or Tanzania, Haiti is one of the poorest countries on Earth. In 1997, the Haiti’s economy growth rate (real GDP) per capita was U$ 1,300. GDP per capita for Namibia, Botswana and Equatorial Guinea are higher than for Haiti. In the country 4 million people alive on less than U$2 a day. More than 6 million of the Haiti’s population still does no have way to potable water and electricity. For years of dictatorships had left the country’s economy in ruins. The country dependent on international help. Several hundred thousand farm workmen migrate each year to Dominican Republic.
In 1997, total exports for the year were U$110 million, meantime total imports were US$ 486 million. Since 1804, the US mall has been the most important backup destination for Haiti. Nearly 80 percent of Haiti’s total exports are predestined for the United States. Haiti’s exports embody sisal, mangoes, coffee, cotton, bauxite, and sugar. The Island’s imports from the United States comprise concrete, oil, food, mechanism and transport equipment. France has been the second largest exports destination for Haitian productions.
In the past, the tourism industry occupied an noted place in the Haitian economy, but several political problems have blocked tourism. Haiti was the first country in the Caribbean to subserve tourism in an expedited form. Haiti is a small country with vast mountains, tropical coasts and beautiful historic structures.
CULTURE
Like Katherine Dunham, Lillian Hellman, W.B. Seabrook, Erik Leonard Ekman, Alejo Carpentier, Selden Rodman, Noel Coward and Angeline Jolie, many people mention that Haiti is the most beautiful country in the Caribbean. Known as the "Magic Land", Haiti is famous for its civilization. Certainly,
timberland 6 inch boots, Haiti its mores, its superstitions and its music. The superstitions or voodoo plays a mysterious role in the lives of many Haitians. The voodoo was introduced into Haiti in the late 16th Century. Haiti is also famous for its painting, and finally for its ruins…for example the Sans Souci Palace, the most famous ruins in the Caribbean. Exactly, this enigmatic palace is considered a Cultural Heritage for Humanity by UNESCO. Originally constructed by black slaves, immediately Sans Souci is one of Haiti’s cardinal passenger attractions.
Since the late 1940s, Haitian drawing, best known as "na?ve masterpiece" or "intuitive art", is famous all around the World. The most important figure was Hector Hyppolite. His work made its biggest splash in the United States in the 20th Century. Other artists known internationally include Rigaud Benoit, Castera Bazile, Joseph Jean-Giles and Jean-Baptista Bottlex.Haiti is famous for its traditional carve. The best Haitian sculptor is Albert Mangoes.
FAMOUS HAITIAN
Nelust Wyclef Jean (singer/Haitian-American): Original membership of 1990s hip hop group The Fugees. Wyclef Jean is probably the most popular Haitian singer of all time. Jean was born in Croix des Bouquets (Haiti) on October 17, 1972. When he was equitable ten years age, he pushed to the United States. Under leadership of Wyclef Jean and Lauryn Hill, The Fugees had several hits in the 1990s, including The Score (The Score album sold 6 million copies). Since 1997, Wyclef Jean, as soloist, became well-known on the international music scene. Like composer and producer, Jean cooperated with superstars as Santana, Withney Houston,
cheap monster beats headphones, Mick Jagger,Bono,Tevin Cambpell, Bounty Killer, Eric Benet, Sarah Connor, Claudette Ortiz, Tarkan, Michael Jackson, Youssou N′Dor, Shakira, Olga Ta?on, Carlos Ponce and Julio Voltio. During the final seven years, he has sold more than 10 millions albums worldwide. In 2002, his unattached Masquerade was a great success.
Since then, Wyclef Jean is a man namely all works with adore for Haiti, one of the World’s poorest countries. Recently, he makes perhaps his best work: "Yele Haiti", a basis which works for the human development in the Island. Like Miriam Makeba in South Africa or Bianca Jagger in Nicaragua, Jean loves his roots. In an interview for Magazine, Wyclef Jean argued about Haitian roots: "I am 100% Haitian. I am elated to be Haitian. I still have my Haitian passport. I represent Haiti in everything that I do. Every head in the manufacture knows namely I am Haitian…they know what I’m about. I was Haitian forst. Haitian till dead!", said Jean.
Discography: Wyclef Jean Present the Carnival Featuring the refugee All-Stars (1997) / The Ecleftic:2 Sides II a Book/ Masquerade (2002) / The Preacher’s (2003)/ Sak Pasé Presents: Creole 101( 2004) /Hips Don’t Lie (with Shakira, 2006).
SPECIAL AWARDS
Gerthie David "The Black Goddess"
In 1975, many Haitian people were shocked to open their weeklies and watch photographs of Gerthie David Miss Haiti in El Salvador. On the night of July 19th 1975, in San Salvador, Gerthie David, Miss Haiti, was the second black woman to first runner-up in the history of Miss Universe Pageant. After winning the Miss Haiti heading, Gerthie worked to San Salvador, the chief metropolis of El Salvador, to enter the Miss Universe Contest. The competence was exhausting, very hard, for instance Miss Bolivia, Jackeline Gammarra, great favorite, was eliminated. This daytime, Miss Haiti looks like a black goddess. Her foreign pulchritude and ravishing individuality are surprising! At 1,72m in elevation, she was the best in the evening robe emulation, but her discourse about the Haitian superstitions swung thousands of applauses in the 25th Edition of the Contest. Certainly, Miss Haiti hostage to the justices Sarah Vaughan (American black singer), Maribel Arrieta (Miss El Salvador 1955 and First runner-up at Miss Universe 1955), Jean Claude Killy (French sportsmen) and Leon Uris(American writer ).
When Bob Barker, the host this pageant, announces the ultimate placements, Gerthie was cheered by the entire hall. Suddenly, her pulse rate beats at thousand per minute… "First runner-up is Miss Haiti!", said Barker. She was one of the most exotic delegates in all history of Miss Universe. In the 1970s, Gerthie David was a model from Port-au Prince and she became a symbol to the Haitian teens. Next months, in London, Joelle Apollon, Miss Haiti-World, came in sixth place at Miss World 1975.After sixteen years, Marjorie Vincent, formerly Miss Illinois 1991,won the title of Miss USA Pageant. The first Miss USA to originate from the Caribbean. In additional words, Marjorie Vincent has Haitian roots. Furthermore, she was the second black woman to win the pageant.
SPORTS
Like in Brazil or Italy, the football is the most popular sport in Haiti. Certainly, the national recreation is the football. A assorted of the Dominican Republic or Puerto Rico, the Haitian people don’t like the baseball. In the 20th Century, football became the most popular sport in the Island, thanks to such heroes as Sylvio Cator, Joseph Gaetjens and Emmanuel Sanon. In 1974 Haiti eligible for the World Cup in Germany.
Emmanuel Sanon was one of the Haiti’s most popular athletes and played at the 1974 World Cup. Sanon made a great contribution to Haitian football because he played in more World Cup qualifiers anyone other Haitian. He is still very popular with regional fans. Other phenomenal talent was Joseph Eduard Gaetjens. He represented both Haiti and the United States. He made FIFA World Cup History: When scored United States opening goal in the 1950 World Cup against England. Joseph came to the United States in the 1940s to activity in the American Soccer League. His beautiful play in the Brookhattan Club made in a national star. In 1953, he played for Haiti for the first time.
It’s practically impossible to talk about Haitian players without saying Sylvio Cator. He is a legall over this sport. Cator won the silver medal in the long jump at 1928 Amsterdam Olympics. Cator returned family to a hero’s welcome. From 1928 to 1930, he was disc man in the long jump. Cator was a splendid jumper and footballer. He also played an important role in popularizing football in the Island (it was the captain of Haitian National Team).
Since then, he is an sample for youth people in Haiti. He died in November 1938, but today the people of Haiti still think of him with respect. Many years afterward Cator’s necrosis, the National Stadium in Por-au-Prince was renamed in his glory. Cator was the first of the great Caribbean sportsmen that would come to dominate world track and field.
FAMOUS ATHLETES
Bruny Surin (Canada-Haiti/track field)/ Edrick Floreal (Canada-Haiti/track field)/ Samuel Dalembert ( USA-Haiti/basketball) / Ronald Agenor (USA-Haiti/tennis)/ Sylvio Cator (track and field)/ Yves Jeudy (Box)/ Dieudonne Lamothe (marathon)/ Ludovic Augustin (shooting)/ Ludovic Volborge (shooting)/ Joseph Eduard Gaetjens (Haiti-USA/football)/ Dudley Dorival (track field)/ Fitz Plantin Andre (football)/ Emmanuel Sanon (football)/ Josmer Altidore (Haitian-American/football).
Dudley Dorival (track and field): Dudley Dorival was born on 1 September 1975 in Elizabeth (New Jersey, USA). Dorival is the son of Haitian parents and got Haitian nationality just in time for the XXVII Summer Olympics Games. Since the 2000 Olympics, Dudley Dorival has competed in international competitions under the banner of Haiti. In Sydney (Australia) Dorival finished 7th in the 110m hurdles. He became the first Haitian to Olympic finalist since Yves Jeudy (boxer) in 1976. He won the silver medal at the 1994 World Junior Championship, the bronze at the 2001 World Chanpionship and the gold medal at the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games El Salvador. Dorival is one of the best athlete in the history of Haiti.
FAMOUS WOMEN
Micha?lla Jean (Governor-General of Canada)/ Yvonne Neptune (former Prime Minister)/Claudette Werleigh (Prime Minister 1995-1996)/Lina Blanchet (singer)/ Edwidge Danticat (writer)/ Michelle Bennett Duvalier(First Lady of Haiti 1981-1986)/ Luce Turnier (painter)/ Ertha Pascal-Trouillot (Head of State 1990-1991)/ Marie Casimir (reporter) / Sonia Sekula (Painter) / Marie Chauvet (writer)/ Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain (writer)/ Carmen Brouard (singer)/Dayana Bennett (correspondent and actress) / Elie Price (singer)/ Blanche Bosselman (singer)/ Lina Mathon (singer)/ Georgette Moliere (singer)/ Simone Ovide Duvalier (First Lady of Haiti 1957-1981)/ Marleine Bastien (human rights leader)/ Garcelle Beauvais (actress and model)/ Deborah Saint-Phard (track and field)/ Antoinette Gauthier (alley and field), Louise Pierre (trace and field)/ Rose Gauthier (track and field)
Edwidge Danticat (writer): One of the Caribbean’s most famous writers in the 21st Century. She has written several novels and collections of shore stories, including Kri? Kra,
curling irons!, appointed for a National Book Award. Danticat preoccupied international attention in 1997 when she jotted perhaps her most famous novel Farming of the Bones, a anecdote about genocide Haitians under the repressive dictatorship of Rafael Leonidas Trujillo.
Garcelle Beauvais (actress): She is the first Haitian actress to star on television. Although she has lived in the United States for many years, the actress and former mainstream model Garcelle Beauvais was born in Saint Marc, a city in Haiti, in 1966. She is perhaps best known for her character as Francesca Monroe on TV’s the Jamie Foxx Show. Like Gerthie David, Joelle Apollon, Evelyn Miot, and Marjorie Vincent, she has the classical beauty of the Haitian black woman
REFERENCES:
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nike air presto,Charles. "Haiti against all odds", National Geographic, November 1987
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Wilson Company, NY
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beats by dre, Washington DC, February 1961
-The International Who’s Who 1996-97, Europe Publications, London, 1996
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-Tibballs, Geoff. The Olympics′ strangest moments, Robson Books, London, 2004
-Vargas Llosa, Mario. "Haití: la muerte", El Comercio, Lima, 25.4.1994
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-Wallechinsky, David. The complete Book of the Olympics, Aurum Press, London, 2004
-Wallechinsky, David-Wallace, Irving. The People’s Almanac2, Batam Book Inc
-WWW.Yotube.com "1975 El Salvador Miss Universe" (movie)
http://cgwave.dothome.co.kr/renew/sm...6555#msg756555
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http://playcabin.net/read.php?tid=28929
Nothing's changed except for everything. The Pirates have played .500 ball over the past two weeks, bringing their record to 25-28, but with Wednesday night's trade of McLouth, the entire complexion of the season is altered. It's now clear that the Pirates are playing for the future, rather than 2009.
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